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The Search for Peace in Times of Chaos—Volume By 1786, the church had succeeded in translating episcopacy to America and in revising the Book of Common Prayer to reflect American political sensibilities When the clergy of Connecticut elected Samuel Seabury as their bishop in 1783, he sought consecration in England The Oath of Supremacy prevented Seabury’s consecration in England, so he went to Scotland; the nonjuring Scottish bishops there consecrated him in Aberdeen on November 14, 1784, making him, in the words of scholar Arthur Carl Piepkorn, Dz–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‰Ž‹…ƒ „‹•Š‘’ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† –‘ ‹‹•–‡” ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š •Ž‡• ” On August 3, 1785, the first ordinations on American soil took place at Christ Church in Middletown, NJ In 1789, representative clergy from nine dioceses met in Philadelphia to ratify the Church’s initial constitution The Episcopal Church was formally separated from the Church of England in 1789, so that clergy would not be required to accept the supremacy of the British monarch A revised version of the Book of Common Prayer was written for the new church that same year The fourth bishop of the Episcopal Church was James Madison, of Virginia Madison was consecrated in 1790 by the Archbishop of Canterbury and two other Church of England bishops.5 The subsequent history of the Episcopal Church is largely that of its expansion with the growth of the United States in territory and population and of revisions of polity, laws, and liturgy The church’s missionary commitments led to the founding of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society in 1821 Its president was the senior and presiding bishop of the house of bishops This marked the beginning of a permanent national executive for the church The full legal name of the national church corporate body became the ‘‡•–‹… ƒ† ‘”‡‹‰ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‘…‹‡–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘–‡•–ƒ– ’‹•…‘’ƒŽ Š—”…Š ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ‡”‹…ƒ , which was incorporated by the legislature of New York and established in 1821 For many years afterward, there was disagreement on theology, and three separate factions developed, each with their own bishop supporting their way of worship: the High Church faction, the Low Church faction, and the Broad Church faction 11

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