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Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 12-2006 Use of Speed Monitoring Display with Changeable Message Sign to reduce vehicle speeds in SC Work Zones Abhijit Kenjale Clemson University, akenjal@clemson.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Transportation Commons Recommended Citation Kenjale, Abhijit, "Use of Speed Monitoring Display with Changeable Message Sign to reduce vehicle speeds in SC Work Zones" (2006) All Theses 49 https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/49 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints For more information, please contact kokeefe@clemson.edu USE OF SPEED MONITORING DISPLAY WITH CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGN TO REDUCE VEHICLE SPEEDS IN SC WORK ZONES A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Civil Engineering by Abhijit D Kenjale December 2006 Accepted by: Dr Wayne Sarasua, Committee Chair Dr Jennifer H Ogle Dr Ronnie A.Chowdhury ABSTRACT With the presence of an extensive and excellent road network, the need to restore, resurface, or replace parts of a roadway will always exist This directly gives rise to the presence of work zones in which workers perform maintenance and construction tasks on an existing roadway in close proximity with moving vehicles The transportation engineer is responsible for setting up these work zones to balance three goals: the timely completion of the construction or maintenance work, the preservation of the capacity of the roadway and, most important, the safety of the workers With an aim to achieve increased safety in highway work zones, there are several different techniques that should be considered These include keeping drivers alert, aware, and awake; making workers and the work zone more visible; improving the control of traffic in merging areas to make lane changes more predictable; developing better safety devices; and reducing vehicle speed and speed variance in the work zone This research focuses on the last of these techniques, reducing vehicle speeds, through the implementation of a speed monitoring display with changeable message sign Speeding is a major problem for work zone safety and, as a result, there is a need to develop more effective traffic control devices In an effort to reduce speeds in work zones, a research project, led by Clemson University researchers, was initiated to develop several effective traffic control devices for use in South Carolina work zones These efforts involved the use of a static speed activated message sign, drone radar, and a portable changeable message sign Work zone speeds have customarily been regulated by ii standard regulatory or advisory speed signs] However, most drivers not slow down in response to these static speed control measures Advances in technology require the development of a new and unique device capable of displaying driver speed as well as a dynamic message This thesis focuses on the evaluation of such a device on its effectiveness to reduce speeds in work zones Previous studies have been performed which examine the use of generic speed monitoring displays that only show the current travel speed of a vehicle as well as the speed limit and depend on the driver behavior to slow down The speed monitoring display with changeable message sign not only displays the driver speed but also displays a message based on the speed limit and the speed of the vehicle Research was conducted in both construction and maintenance work zones in South Carolina, and the effectiveness of different messages was determined Additional research, using a different set of message sequences, was conducted on the use of the sign as an advance indication for the presence of enforcement at the site The speed monitoring display with changeable message sign displays the speed of the approaching vehicle and activates different messages depending on the speed at which the vehicle is traveling The effectiveness of the sign was tested based on the mean speed, 85th percentile, and the percentage of vehicles exceeding the speed limit It was found that the sign gives excellent results with a significant reduction of speeds in work zones In general, it was found that the message targeting specific drivers had the maximum impact on the reduction of speeds Lastly, this thesis provides suggestions and improvements for the use of the speed monitoring display with changeable message sign for better work zone safety DEDICATION I would dedicate the work and my Masters degree to my mother Suchitra Kenjale; who has been a source of encouragement and inspiration to me throughout my life And also for the myriad of ways in which, throughout my life, you have actively supported me in my determination to find and realize my potential, and to make this contribution I also dedicate this thesis to my father Deepak Kenjale who supported me and believed in me throughout my masters and always provided the guidance which led me to this path I would also dedicate my work to my uncle Ramesh Kenjale who stood by me in difficult times and encouraged me to take up this career My sister Pooja always provided me with the smile and I am blessed to have such a wonderful sister I dedicate my work to her also ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor Dr Wayne Sarausa With his enthusiasm, his inspiration, and his confidence he helped me make transportation fun and easy I will be forever grateful for his kind words at moments of insecurity, for his stunning recommendations, and for his indomitable, insuppressible spirit I would also like to acknowledge my committee members Dr Jennifer H Ogle and Dr Ronnie A Chowdhury, for their assistance and recommendations I would also like to express gratitude to my undergraduate guide Prof.V.R.Phadke, who believed in me and inspired me to take up transportation as my career I am indebted to my friends Amol Ranade, Hiren Shah, Sunil Jakhadi, Yashu Rastogi, Carol Hamlin, Kelly Rogers and Liz Stephen for providing the fun environment to learn and grow I am incredibly grateful for my friends at Village Green with whom I enjoyed every minute of my time at Clemson TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE i ABSTRACT ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Past studies for various strategies deployed Literature pertaining to Variable message sign / Speed Display Trailer Survey opinions regarding use of portable speed activated message display signs Literature review summary 14 15 METHODOLOGY 17 Equipment and development of messages CMS Messages Preliminary tests Data collection procedure Data collection site selection 17 19 21 23 25 DATA ANALYSIS 32 Statistical Analysis Data Analysis results 33 37 10 vii Table of Contents (Continued) Page CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45 General recommendations Recommendations for future research 48 49 APPENDICES 50 A- Analysis Results Tables B- Raw Data Collection C- Product Specifications D- Data Collection Sheets 51 68 85 88 ACRONYM LIST 89 REFERENCES 90 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Summary of Law Enforcement Studies Cost of Components of SMD with CMS 19 Visibility and Radar Detection Distances for SMD with CMS 22 Construction data collection efforts stratified by site 30 Maintenance data collection efforts stratified by site 32 Summary of Overall Speed Reductions 37 Mean Speed Reductions for Passenger Cars by Site and Station 39 Observed Reductions in 85th Percentile Speeds by Site and Station 39 Speed Reduction Range for enforcement sites 40 10 Maintenance sites summary 41 11 Comparison of Speed Reduction Strategies between SMD with CMS and other signs 44 A-12 Summary of Mean Speeds for Passenger Cars & Vehicles per hour 49 A-13 Summary of 85th Percentile Speeds for Passenger Cars per hour 50 A-14 Summary of 85th Percentile Speeds for Vehicles per Hour 51 A-15 Summary table for % of Passenger Cars Exceeding the Speed Limit by ≥5 mph 52 A-16 Summary Table for % of Vehicles Exceeding the Speed Limit by ≥5 mph 53 ix List of Tables (Continued) Page A-17 Summary Table for % Passenger Cars Exceeding the Speed Limit by ≥10 mph 54 A-18 Summary Table for % of Vehicles Exceeding the Speed Limit by ≥10 mph 56 A-19 Summary table for mean speed , 85th percentile , ≥5% , ≥10% for Passenger Cars 57 A-20 Summary table for mean speed , 85th percentile , ≥5% , ≥10% for Vehicles 58 A-21 t test for total number of Passenger Cars 59 A-22 t test for total number of vehicles 60 A-23 Z value table for passenger cars exceeding ≥ mph 61 A-24 Z value table for passenger cars exceeding ≥ 10 mph 62 A-25 Z value table for Vehicles exceeding ≥ mph 63 A-26 Z value table for Vehicles exceeding ≥ 10 mph 64 A-27 Summary tables for mean speed & 85th percentile speeds during enforcement 65 A-29 Summary of Vehicles exceeding speed limit by ≥ & ≥10 mph under enforcement 66 77 Location Speed Limit Date Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance :Newberry SC 219 :Speed limit 45 mph :23rd May 2006 8:15am to 9:15am Station Station 136 136 127 123 105 113 22 10 17 Total 32.0 63.0 47.6 48.0 49.0 53.0 68.5 28.3 3.9 5.6 31.4 PC 34.0 63.0 48.1 49.0 50.0 53.0 73.3 30.5 4.8 5.3 27.7 Total 34.0 61.0 44.6 45.0 45.0 48.7 40.7 10.6 1.6 4.6 21.4 PC 34.0 61.0 44.8 45.0 46.0 49.0 42.5 10.6 1.8 4.6 21.0 9:15am to 10:15am Station Station 204 204 108 122 84 104 24 18 22 15 Total 27.0 61.0 46.3 47.0 47.0 52.0 58.3 25.9 8.3 6.2 37.9 PC 30.0 58.0 46.8 47.0 49.0 52.0 61.9 27.4 8.3 5.7 32.5 Total 32.0 66.0 44.4 44.0 43.0 48.9 38.5 12.3 4.1 5.6 31.8 PC 32.0 66.0 44.7 44.0 43.0 48.6 38.5 11.5 4.8 5.6 31.2 Station 136 120 96 24 20 Total 31.0 60.0 44.5 45.0 47.0 49.0 40.0 6.7 0.8 4.5 19.9 PC 31.0 60.0 45.0 45.0 47.0 49.0 42.7 7.3 1.0 4.2 17.8 Station 204 116 85 31 27 Total 32.0 58.0 44.1 44.0 44.0 48.3 37.9 10.3 1.7 4.8 22.7 PC 34.0 58.0 44.6 44.0 47.0 49.0 43.5 12.9 2.4 4.9 23.6 78 Location Speed Limit Date Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance :Newberry SC 219 :Speed limit 45 mph :23rd May 2006 10:15am to 11:15am Station Station 188 188 101 119 76 95 25 24 24.75 20.17 Total 29.0 66.0 45.3 46.0 46.0 52.0 60.4 20.8 5.0 7.1 51.1 PC 29.0 66.0 45.1 46.0 46.0 51.8 57.9 19.7 6.6 7.6 57.2 Total 34.0 58.0 44.3 44.0 43.0 49.0 40.3 10.9 2.5 4.9 23.8 PC 34.0 58.0 44.7 44.0 46.0 49.9 44.2 13.7 3.2 4.9 24.4 Station 188 102 71 31 30.39 Total 34.0 63.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 47.0 37.3 7.8 3.9 4.7 22.5 PC 35.0 58.0 45.0 44.0 44.0 49.5 39.4 9.9 4.2 4.6 20.7 79 Location Speed Limit Date Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance :Seneca US 123 :Speed limit 45 mph :8th September 2006 10:30am to 11:00am Station 340 169 156 13 7.69 Total 28.0 53.0 41.3 42.0 43.0 47.0 84.6 56.2 23.1 5.4 29.2 PC 30.0 53.0 41.7 42.0 45.0 47.8 87.2 59.0 24.4 5.2 27.5 Station 340 156 151 3.21 Total 29.0 54.0 41.1 41.0 40.0 47.0 84.0 53.9 22.4 5.4 28.9 11:00am to 11:30am Station 460 88 82 6.82 Total 30.0 57.0 41.0 40.0 40.0 46.0 92.1 47.7 17.1 4.6 21.3 PC 30.0 57.0 41.0 40.0 40.0 46.0 91.5 47.6 18.3 4.7 22.5 PC 31.0 54.0 41.3 41.0 40.0 47.0 82.7 55.0 23.2 5.2 27.3 Station 460 68 67 1.47 Total 30.0 51.0 40.1 40.0 47.0 47.0 73.5 48.5 20.6 5.4 29.7 PC 30.0 51.0 40.1 40.0 47.0 47.0 73.1 47.8 20.9 5.5 30.1 80 Location Speed Limit Date Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Variance Standard Deviation :US 123 (Maintenance) :Speed limit 45 mph :7th Sept 2006 11am to 12am Station 446 119 111 Total 35.0 63.0 49.8 50.0 53.0 54.3 84.0 46.2 13.4 25.3 5.0 Station 446 152 141 11 PC 35.0 63.0 50.3 50.0 53.0 55.0 86.5 49.5 14.4 23.0 4.8 Total 34.0 58.0 46.1 46.0 46.0 51.4 61.8 21.1 3.9 27.7 5.3 PC 34.0 58.0 46.5 47.0 46.0 52.0 65.2 22.7 4.3 26.8 5.2 81 Location Speed Limit Date Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance :SC292 : 45 mph :6th NOV 2006 Station1 380 119 108 11 9.24 Total 34.0 57.0 45.4 46.0 47.0 49.0 51.3 10.1 1.7 4.4 19.2 PC 34.0 57.0 45.8 46.0 47.0 49.0 53.7 10.2 0.9 4.0 16.0 Station1 380 119 108 11 9.24 Total 34.0 57.0 45.4 46.0 47.0 49.0 51.3 10.1 1.7 4.4 19.2 12:00pm to 1:00pm only sign Station 280 121 112 7.44 Total 30.0 55.0 42.5 43.0 43.0 47.0 27.3 8.3 0.0 5.2 27.1 PC 30.0 55.0 42.7 43.0 43.0 47.4 28.6 8.9 0.0 5.3 28.0 Total 26.0 56.0 39.7 40.0 43.0 44.9 12.7 2.0 1.0 5.3 28.1 1:00pm to 2:00pm sign + cop Station 330 104 93 11 10.58 PC 34.0 57.0 45.8 46.0 47.0 49.0 53.7 10.2 0.9 4.0 16.0 Total 30.0 54.0 41.4 42.0 42.0 47.0 24.0 5.8 0.0 5.4 28.9 PC 30.0 54.0 41.6 42.0 42.0 47.0 24.7 6.5 0.0 5.4 29.6 Station 280 102 94 7.84 PC 26.0 56.0 40.0 40.0 43.0 45.0 13.8 2.1 1.1 5.3 27.9 Station 330 106 92 14 13.21 Total 22.0 48.0 38.4 39.0 36.0 43.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 4.9 24.0 PC 22.0 48.0 38.4 39.0 41.0 43.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 5.0 25.4 82 Location Speed Limit Date :SC295 :Southbound with speed limit 45 mph :1ST NOV 2006 Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance COP + SIGN 10am-11am Station 410 115 104 11 9.57 Station 410 115 104 11 9.57 Total 31.0 55.0 42.7 44.0 46.0 48.0 38.3 6.1 0.0 5.4 29.7 PC 33.0 55.0 43.4 44.0 46.0 48.0 41.3 6.7 0.0 5.0 25.5 Only Sign 11am to 12pm Station 360 123 97 26 21.14 Total 35.0 70.0 45.2 45.0 45.0 50.0 43.9 14.6 2.4 5.4 28.7 PC 36.0 70.0 45.7 45.0 47.0 51.6 48.5 16.5 3.1 5.5 29.8 Total 28.0 51.0 39.4 40.0 42.0 45.0 11.3 0.9 0.0 5.5 30.4 PC 28.0 51.0 40.1 41.0 42.0 45.0 12.5 1.0 0.0 5.1 26.0 Station 360 106 91 15 14.15 Total 28.0 52.0 40.6 41.0 43.0 46.0 16.0 0.9 0.0 4.7 22.3 PC 28.0 52.0 41.2 42.0 43.0 46.0 18.7 1.1 0.0 4.6 20.8 Station 410 119 104 15 12.61 Total 25.0 51.0 38.0 38.0 39.0 43.0 8.4 0.8 0.0 5.1 26.3 PC 25.0 51.0 38.4 38.0 40.0 43.6 9.6 1.0 0.0 5.1 25.6 83 Location Speed Limit Date Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks :SC295 :Southbound with speed limit 45 mph :1ST NOV 2006 Only Cop 12pm -1 pm Station 290 123 97 26 21.14 Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance Parameters Volume # of Samples # of PC Samples # Truck Samples % Sample Trucks Vehicle Type Minimum Speed Maximum Speed Mean Speed Median Speed Mode Speed 85th Percentile % Speeding % > mph % > 10 mph Standard Deviation Variance Total 35.0 70.0 45.2 45.0 45.0 50.0 43.9 14.6 2.4 5.4 28.7 only sign 11am -12pm Station 360 106 91 15 14.15 Total 28.0 52.0 40.6 41.0 43.0 46.0 16.0 0.9 0.0 4.7 22.3 PC 28.0 52.0 41.2 42.0 43.0 46.0 18.7 1.1 0.0 4.6 20.8 PC 36.0 70.0 45.7 45.0 47.0 51.6 48.5 16.5 3.1 5.5 29.8 Station 290 142 128 14 9.86 Total 21.0 48.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 42.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 5.2 27.2 PC 21.0 48.0 35.9 36.0 36.0 41.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 25.5 only cop car 1pm – 2pm Station 290 142 128 14 9.86 Total 21.0 48.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 42.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 5.2 27.2 PC 21.0 48.0 35.9 36.0 36.0 41.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 25.5 84 Appendix C : PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS APPENDIX C-1 Atlanta SpeedLaser R http://www.laseratlanta.com/speedlaser_law.htm Laser Certifications Head-up display Rear panel display Light source Measurement time Speed accuracy Speed range Data capture Power source Recharge time Operating temperature Environmental Dimensions Weight Class eye-safe International, U.S and European standards (IACP, CE) Listed on IECP consumer LED crosshair, aiming dot or combined sights and a line x character readout line x 20 character LCD Laser Diode, 904nm 0.3 seconds +/- 1mph Approx 4,000 feet (1,220 m) PCMCIA SRAM Type card and slot RS-232 serial port Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMh).Up to 24hr battery life with normal use per handle Standard: 10-12 hours Smart charger: hours for battery handles -22F to 140F (-30c to 60c) Water and dust resistant w4.5 x h7.5 x d8.4 in (w11.5 x h19.0 x d21.5 cm) With battery, 4.8 lbs (2.2 kg) 85 APPENDIX C-2 Bushnell Velocity Speed Gun http://www.bushnell.com/products/digital/specs/10-1911.cfm Model 10-1911 Accuracy +/- mph Distance Up to 1300 feet Weight (oz/g) 4.3 x 8.4 x 109 x 213 x 152 19 / 539 Battery Type C (2 required) Size (in/mm) 86 APPENDIX C-3 Specifications Speed Signs A18 series Materials Enclosure: Enclosure: Dimensions A18 series Digit Height A18 series: Digit Output – All models: Amber: Red: Operating Temperature: Operating Voltage DC Version Operating Voltage AC Version A18 Current Draw Max, Average Computer Memory Relay contact rating (2) Keyboard plug Keyboard Mounting Fixtures Bezel Radar Mounting accessories Power Connector Relay Connector Molded fiberglass, aluminum, stainless Weather and sunlight resistant 24" X 36" X 5" 17.8 and 6" alpha 3,200 mcd 2,900 mcd -25 F to +150 F 11.2Vdc to 13.6Vdc 110~125, 208~230 Vac (in), 12.5Vdc typ 28 Amperes, 12.3 A Ingram Tech 16C63A 0-2Meg 20Mhz 64K to meg 5A at 220 VAC MAX each Pin mini-DIN Standard AT Standard AT 4- 25 X 20 (V12), 4- 375 Course (V18) Smoke Colored Lexan Decatur SI-2 K band, direction sensing See enclosed manufacturer data sheet CB-4 M&F, opt Cigarette plug CB-5 M&F 87 Appendix D: DATA COLLECTION SHEET SMD with CMS NAME: TIME : Start End LOCATION : BEFORE / AFTER DEVICE USED : RADAR / LASER DATE: SITE : SHEET NO : Speed Data * encircle for TRUCKS / HEAVY VEHICLES Hourly Volume Data (15 count ) SPECIAL NOTES : ACRONYM LIST CMS Changeable message sign VMS Variable message sign SMD Speed monitoring display AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic ADT Average Daily Traffic CB Citizens Band DOT Department of Transportation FCC Federal Communication Commission FHWA Federal Highway Administration MPH Miles Per Hour MUTCD Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTS National Household Travel Survey SCDOT South Carolina Department of Transportation SHA State Highway Authority PCMS Portable Changeable Message Signs SC South Carolina US United States TTI Texas Transportation Institute USDOT United States Department of Transportation REFERENCES 1- Highway Policy in South Carolina South Carolina Department of Transportation [Online] http://www.scdot.org/inside/highwaypolicy/highway.shtml Accessed 12 October 2006 2- Highway Policy in South Carolina South Carolina Department of Transportation [Online] http://www.dot.state.sc.us/inside/HighwayPolicy/recommendations.shtml Accessed 12 October 2006 3- South Carolina Work Zone Crashes 1998-2003 South Carolina Department of Transportation [Online] http://www.scdot.org/events/pdfs/WZFactSheet.pdf Accessed:18 October 2006) 4- Arnold, E.D “Use of Police in Work Zones on Highways in Virginia.” Final Report.Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Virginia.2003.[Online] http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/04-r9.pdf (Accessed 13 November 2006) 5- Noel, E C., Dudek, C L., Pendleton, O J., and Sabra, Z A.1988 “Speed Control through Freeway Work Zones: Techniques Evaluation.” Report No TRR II 63, pp 31-42 Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board 6- Noel, E C., Dudek, C L., Pendleton, J., McGee, H 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Zones.” ITE Journal 12- Benekohal, R F and Kastel, L M 1991.“Evaluation Of Flagger Training Session On Speed Control In Rural Interstate Construction Zones.” Transportation Research Record No 1304 13- Frisbie, T 1991 “Are Work Zones Actually Death Zones?” Traffic Safety 14- Jackels, J., and Brannan, D 1988 Work Zone Speed Limit Demonstration in District IA St Paul: Minnesota Department of Transportation 15- Pigman, J G., Agent, K R., Deacon, J A., and Kryscio, R J.1989 “Evaluation of Unmanned Radar Installations.” In Report No TRR 1244, Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board 16- Paul J Carlson, Michael D Fontaine, and H Gene Hawkins, Jr “Evaluation Of Traffic Control Devices For Rural High-Speed Maintenance Work Zones” FHWA/TX-00/1879-1 Texas Transportation Institute 17- Meyer, E Midwest “Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative: Kansas’ Results” In Mid-Continent Transportation Symposium Proceedings, Ames, Iowa, 2000 18- Hansom, F R 1982 “Effectiveness of Changeable Message Signing at Freeway Construction Site Lane Closures.” Report No TRR 844, Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board 19- Michael D Fontaine and H Gene Hawkins, Jr “Catalog Of Effective Treatments To Improve Driver And Worker Safety At Short-Term Work Zones” FHWA/TX01/1879-3 Texas Transportation Institute 91 20- Wang, C., K.K Dixon, and D Jared Evaluating Speed-Reduction Strategies for Highway Work Zones Transportation Research Record, No 1824, 2003 21- Winnett and Wheeler A.H “Vehicle-activated signs-a large scale evaluation.” Prepared for Road Safety Division, Department for Transport TRL Report TRL 548 2002 22- Report for City Of South Gloucestershire accessed online at http://www.southglos.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/0D2347BF-DCA8-4F2E-B167907085F72E92/0/VehicleActivatedSignsReport.pdf (Accessed 22 October 2006.) 23- Marketing Consultants, Inc 1990 “A Study Concerning Drivers Attitudes Toward Construction Zones” Elkhart, Indiana: John Deere and Company 24- H W McGee, L F McGee, and N L Geisler “ Procedure for Determining Work Zone Speed Limits.” Report No FHWA-TS-91-003 Washington D.C.: Federal Highway Administration 25- Benekohal, R F., Orloski, R L and Hashmi, A M 1990 “Survey of driver’s Opinion about Work Zone Traffic Control on a Rural Highway.” Report No FHWA-IL-01-234 Washington, D.C 26- Rob Bushman, Curtis Berthelot 2006 Response of North Carolina motorists to smart work zone 27- Mitsuru Saito, Jeanne Bowie, July 2003 “Efficacy Of Speed Monitoring Displays In Increasing Speed Limit Compliance In Highway Work Zones” prepared for Utah Department of Transportation Research and Development Division 28- Ott, Lyman R And M Longnecker Statistical Methods and Data Analysis 5th Edition Duxbury Press 2001 29- Ingram Technologies Accessed online on 12 November 2006 http://www.ingram-tech.com/web/speed_trailer.gif 30-Nicholas J.Garber Aug 1994 “ Effectiveness of CMS in controlling vehicle speeds in work zones” ... These drivers were assumed to have a radar detector in their cars Also, the drivers were observed checking their rear view mirrors to check the possibility of a patrol car This resulted in their deceleration,... trailer Speed Monitoring display Figure : Speed Display Trailer Speed display trailers detect the speed of approaching vehicles using a radar unit These speeds are then displayed to oncoming drivers... later Figure : Ingram Technologies Speed Monitoring Display with CMS Figure 7: Mounting Configuration for Speed Monitoring Display with CMS Typically SMD trailers are used to support the display;