368 A Phillips and A Bellotti US Federal Laws The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and AWA regulations (7 CFR 2.22, 2.80, and 371.7) were intended to protect and provide humane treatment of animals used in experimentation However, rats, birds, and mice used in experimentation are specifically excluded from AWA protection, yet comprise up to 95 % of all research animals (7 U.S.C 2132(g)) Farm animals used in research are also excluded and have been used in military training exercises by Canada, Denmark, Norway, Poland, the UK and the USA (Gala et al 2012) The purpose of the AWA is: (1) to insure that animals intended for use in research facilities or for exhibition purposes or for use as pets are provided humane care and treatment; (2) to assure the humane treatment of animals during transportation in commerce; and (3) to protect the owners of animals from the theft of their animals by preventing the sale or use of animals which have been stolen (7 U.S.C 2131) Section 2135 of the AWA specifically requires dealers to hold cats and dogs at their facilities for at least five business days before re-selling to research This section was enacted to help people locate their lost pets Section 2143 outlines the ‘humane treatment’ of cats and dogs in research facilities but has a provision about surgical procedures that states ‘that no animal is used in more than one major operative experiment from which it is allowed to recover except in cases of—(i) scientific necessity.’ Section 2158 is entitled ‘protection of pets’ and provides a five-day hold for cats and dogs at animal shelters or animal experimentation laboratories before they can be transferred to a dealer and then resold for experimentation The 1985 AWA Amendment mandates exercise requirements for dogs in experimentation laboratories ‘as determined by an attending veterinarian in accordance with general standards promulgated by the Secretary,’ but even this modest welfare enhancement was opposed by the taxpayer-funded animal experimentation lobby For example, Frankie Trull, an animal experimentation lobbyist for the National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR), even argued that laboratory dogs confined to cages their entire lives will live just as well as dogs permitted limited exercise As quoted by the Associated Press, Trull asserted: ‘There are no scientific data which say any minimum exercise