230 J Maher and T Wyatt journeys may take many hours or several days During these long journeys, animals may be kept outside or in areas where they are subjected to extreme fluctuations in temperatures Often they are not able to eat or drink, and the spaces they are in are very dark and filled with loud noise (Wyatt 2013b) To reiterate, these are minimum welfare standards when the trade is legal—so stress and potential suffering will always be a factor in the wildlife trade In the IWT, where there are no protective measures, it is likely the conditions are much worse, particularly when live animals must be kept hidden The wildlife must somehow be made to be calm, which most likely involves tranquilising drugs or physical methods to subdue them In the case of endangered birds such as raptors, this may mean sewing their eyelids shut and being tightly swaddled, so they can fit in tubes or other containers to hide them (Wyatt 2011) Wildlife are then carried on people’s bodies or in suitcases to be smuggled across borders The survival rate for raptors smuggled in this way is very low—it is estimated only around 10 % survive the journey (Lyapustin 2006) This is also true of reptiles and mammals, who are subjected to similar circumstances while being smuggled (Maher and Sollund 2016) Landais (2008) estimates 10 great apes have died enroute to Egypt for every one of the great apes in captivity Smuggling is thus particularly harmful to great apes (GRASP 2012), but causes significant suffering and loss of life to all wildlife targeted by this black market Many of these live animals are fuelling the legal demand for pets, entertainment at zoos and circuses and for scientific experimentation Some wildlife captured alive will be killed to make legal and illegal wildlife products and the methods used for killing are also abusive Killing Animals can be killed in straightforward ways with the use of weapons like guns and bows and arrows This may be the case when hunting rhino, elephants or game animals Animals that are captured with traps and so forth, as mentioned above, may be killed in other ways like bludgeoning or having their throats slit Fur-bearing mammals and wildlife consumed as bushmeat are often killed in these ways Consumption of some wildlife products entails even more suffering whilst the wildlife is being killed For instance, pangolins, which are in high demand as an exotic meat and as an ingredient in traditional medicines, are boiled alive when made into soup (Pantel and Anak 2010) In another example, not all rhinos are simply shot