228 J Maher and T Wyatt or smuggling for much wildlife For instance, ENDCAP (2012) reports that 60 % of wildlife kept as companion animals die within one month of purchase and that 70 % of wildlife living in pet stores die within six weeks The harms experienced are similar to those reported in the farming of domesticated animals—who are subjected to brutal practices and living conditions (Wyatt 2013a) Here, though, the exploration is of those wildlife taken from the wild and forced to endure being traded, smuggled and/or killed to be made into products for human consumption Capture Those animals kidnapped alive for legal and illegal wildlife trades are captured with nets, snares, pits and leg-traps (Wyatt 2013c) Each of these methods is stressful in its own way to the animals subjected to it In addition to the obvious mental and emotional trauma of being captured, each method also has the potential to cause physical injury The fur trade clearly demonstrates the type of physical injury to which wildlife is subjected For capturing fur-bearing mammals, some countries still allow the use of steel-jawed legtraps (Wyatt 2014) As Harrop (2000) has noted, these traps can cause fractures, tissue damage, amputations, lacerations and dislocations of all of the limbs as well as the skull Clearly, all these injuries cause significant pain and suffering None of these methods for capturing animals alive is shortterm in that the animal is trapped for indeterminate amounts of time until the poacher returns to check the net, snare, pit or trap Whereas in the EU, this is supposed to be no longer than five minutes (Harrop 2000) (arguably still a long time), in other countries where fur-bearing mammals are captured, such as Russia and China, there is no such animal welfare legislation This clearly causes further suffering and the potential for injury as animals attempt to free themselves Wildlife have been known to self-mutilate and become unresponsive due to the injury caused by leg-traps (Harrop 2000) Additionally, the wildlife has no access to food or water and may be exposed to severe weather conditions while confined to the trap For some species captured alive, such as great apes, there is additional injury and death to the other individuals who are not being captured For instance, adult great apes are killed when poachers come to kidnap the babies (Great Ape Survival Project [GRASP] 2012) Experts estimate that for every live great ape taken one to 15 others have been murdered (Nellemann et al 2010; Nijman 2009) Once wildlife are kidnapped, they must endure being used to produce a product, being smuggled to a market or other place to be sold or killed