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170 E Cudworth with farmed animals might be transformed back to a model of ‘animal husbandry’ wherein farmers have a work relationship with animals based on ties of community and of reciprocity wherein animals are not reduced to objects of production but understood as living and sensate co-producers (see 2014, pp 10–15) In this model of domestication, there is reciprocity and recognition between humans and the domesticate species they work with Porcher makes light of arguments for animal liberation and the end of the use of animals for food (2014, pp 60–64), portraying a world of unnatural food and unnatural species separation and ultimately, the abolition of domesticate animals This is a pity because she and those such as Nibert, Torres or Safran Foer share an analysis of the violences of industrial animal food production for the billions of animals bred and raised for killing and those humans working in such noxious systems Given that my own work is very much informed by feminist work in animal studies, I am very wary of seeking an original moment of fall (such as does Nibert with his conception of domesicration), or of return to the past which may (according to Porcher) involve collaborative rather than abusive relations between species Feminist theory has much to say about the problems attending a search of origins of forms of abuse, such as gender domination, and same applies to a search for ‘origins’ in the domination and oppression of non-human animals My own attempts to explain the abuse of farmed animals draws particularly the idea of intersectionalised oppressions (Cudworth 2011) This means I would look at the abuse of farmed animals in terms of various kinds of relational systems of power in addition to capitalism, gender, ‘race’ and so on as well as looking at the ways social hierarchies of species which privilege human beings are sustained and reproduced over time I use the term ‘anthroparchy’ to describe and explain a social system, a complex and relatively stable set of hierarchical relationships, in which the incredible diversity of non-human species are homogenised as ‘animals’, identified as part of ‘nature’ and dominated through formations of social organisation which privilege the human Anthroparchy involves different degrees of dominatory power: oppression, exploitation and marginalisation Different oppressive forms apply to different species due to their specific characteristics and normative behaviours such as the presence of sociality and the ways in which this presents itself Thus for the active chicken or the gregarious pig, the terms ‘dull’, ‘barren’ or ‘lonely’ life are accurate descriptors of the lives of these farmed animals, whereas these terms would not be applicable descriptors for the lives of the bacteria living on the effluvia from pig and chicken farms Exploitation refers to the use of some being as a
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