International Trade in Animals and Animal Parts Jennifer Maher and Tanya Wyatt Introduction Societies have always consumed wildlife, making it a part of markets and trade between people Whereas trade of wildlife typically reflects the monetary value attached to their instrumental worth (to people), this chapter also recognises the intrinsic value of wildlife Our exploration of the welfare of wildlife in trade is thereby underpinned by green criminology, specifically a species justice framework where wildlife have the right to live free from suffering and harm With that in mind, our chapter not only investigates the abuse inflicted upon wildlife smuggled to fill the demand for illegal wildlife trade (IWT) but also touches upon the abuse that is inherent in the legal trade as well The language used to discuss both the legal and illegal trade in wildlife can reflect the instrumental nature of people’s relationship with wildlife and where possible we try to avoid this Consequently, we not use some common phrases such as ‘harvesting’ or ‘collecting’ as these commodify wildlife rather than recognising them as individuals Furthermore, we recognise the anthropomorphic nature of categories such as ‘wildlife’ and ‘animals’, however, for clarity and stylistic purposes, we use these terms J Maher (*) Centre for Criminology, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom e-mail: jenny.maher@southwales.ac.uk T Wyatt Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom © The Author(s) 2017 J Maher et al (eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Animal Abuse Studies, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-43183-7_11 223