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160 E Cudworth in the West (cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens), there will be brief mention of less common farmed animals (such as rabbits) and those which are not clearly ‘domesticated’ (fishes in ‘aquaculture’, for example) This chapter will suggest that the normative everyday practices of animal agriculture within which billions of animals are bred and raised are collectively part of the most widespread and systematic abuse of non-human animals There are two senses in which this might be understood Standard dictionary definitions of the term ‘abuse’ suggest that it is first, a misuse or misemployment; and second, that it is a cruel or violent treatment of a human or non-human animal with intent to harm The breeding and rearing of farmed animals is naturalised in Western (and other) cultures but is unnecessary and involves the creation of artificial populations of creatures who live short and harsh lives—it is a misuse of non-human creatures The processes of animal agriculture also involve systematic cruelties and violences towards the creatures who are farmed The breeding and rearing (and killing, see Chapter on Slaughterhouses in this volume) of farmed animals is, in sum, an institutionalised site of animal abuse Comparing contemporary animal agribusiness to other sites of institutionalised animal abuse, Erin Williams and Margot de Mello rightly argue that it is the most extreme and normative example of our exploitation of animals—globally, 99 % of all domesticated animals are commodities in animal agriculture (Williams and de Mello 2007, p 14) This largest of animal populations, those used for ‘food’, are caught in relations of human dominion that involve their exploitation and oppression There are some who argue that we have seen some positive changes, for example in the UK or the European Union in terms of ‘improvements’ in farmed animal welfare and the mainstreaming of ideas about ‘happy’ and ‘humane’ farming associated with ‘free-range’ or ‘ethically’ produced animalbased food (Bock and Buller 2013) However, in terms of the global spread of intensive and industrial models of animal agriculture, the situation for farmed animals was worse (regarding the numbers raised and killed) in 2002 than in 1972, and numbers of animals to be killed for food is predicted to double in the next 50 years, overwhelmingly through the spread of Western intensive methods (Food and Agriculture Organisation 2002; Mitchell 2011) Such prevalence of intensive methods, associated with some of the most abusive practices and the transitions towards them internationally, is the focus for the first section of this chapter The chapter then proceeds to examine the specific nature of the abuses which attend the breeding and raising of animals for food in more detail The third section of the chapter is more theoretical, and focuses on explanations for the forms and degrees of abuse endemic in the breeding and raising of animals for food Finally, the
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