396 | Objectification of Animals other than humans For example, terms like intended, anticipated, felt, and attributions like play, grief, and deceit to animals other than humans are avoided, because their use commits the error of anthropomorphism This prohibition against terms implying consciousness in animals other than humans is a legacy of the philosopher Descartes, in whose view animals were mechanical beings, without psychology, without minds Consistent with this view, the pain, suffering, and death attendant to either the conditions of an experiment or the conditions under which animals in the laboratory are kept is typically not described as such For example, an animal is said to be food deprived rather than hungry, or subjected to aversive stimulation rather than experiencing pain The death of an animal is obscured by various terms such as collected, harvested, or sacrificed, or anaesthetized and then exsanguinated Further Reading Birke, L., and Smith, J (1995) Animals in experimental reports: The rhetoric of science Society and Animals, 3, 23–42 Dunayer, J (2001) Animal equality: Language and liberation Derwood, MD: Ryce Jacobs, G., and Stibbe, A (Eds.) (2006) Language matters, society and animals, 14, whole issue Shapiro, K (1989) The death of an animal: Ontological vulnerability and harm Between the Species, 5, 4, 183–195 Kenneth J Shapiro