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Encyclopedia of animal rights and animal 422

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Mice | 379 Among the mouse pioneers, William E Castle laid the groundwork for mammalian genetics Clarence C Little studied color inheritance in mice and became the first director of the Jackson Laboratory Leonell Strong pursued cancer research using the mouse as his model Ultimately, C57BL/6, BALB/c and C3H mice became the most common strains Together with FVB and 129 mice for genomics research, they became termed the “big five” by Stephen Barthold cancer-causing ability of substances, the number of whole animals used in carcinogenicity testing has diminished Faster, short-term tests are now used to screen substances Examples of Strains of Mice Cancer research Mice have been used in cancer research since 1894 Initially, mice were used for same-species tumor transplantations and drug treatment studies In 1921, inbred strains that were predisposed to getting tumors were bred and disseminated among cancer researchers More strains of mice originated from 1929 onward with the founding of the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, now the largest supplier of mice The inbreeding of mice predisposed to developing cancer led to specialized strains In 1921, Leonell Strong established many inbred strains that frequently and spontaneously developed cancer These inbred mice made it possible to study the growth and general characteristics of tumors The discovery in 1962 of the immunodeficient nude mouse led to human tumor transplantations without rejection, a valuable breakthrough for cancer research Grafting human tumors onto these mice allows for the study of specific human cancers and the testing of new treatments in a whole animal system A further breakthrough in the late 1980s led to transgenic mice, whose genes have been altered to produce a desired characteristic Genes that cause cancer could then be studied in greater detail In 1983, mice Inbred mice are genetically identical due to inbreeding, and predisposed to getting a certain disease or genetic defect Transgenic mice have been genetically engineered by injection of one or more genes, such as human breast cancer Immunodeficient mice used in cancer and AIDS research have minimal immune function, and include nude mice and mice with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) Knockout mice are engineered to lack a specific gene Pathogen-free mice are free from all detectable viruses, bacteria and parasites Uses of Mice in Testing Mice are used to evaluate the safety of new chemicals or products such as household cleaners and pesticides that may be potentially toxic to humans Mice are also used to assess the safety of drugs and vaccines made for medical use Toxicity tests are performed to measure the effects of limited or repeated long-term exposure of an animal to a particular substance Other tests measure the extent to which the substance damages cells and causes cancer, mutations in DNA, and birth defects Although mice are used to test the Uses of Mice in Research Historically, the study of cancer and the production of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies are among the most widespread uses of mice

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