236 | Experimentation and Research with Animals Burdick, A 2005, May The truth about invasive species Discover, 26(5), 33–41 Cox, G 1999 Alien species in North America and Hawaii: Impacts on natural ecosystems Washington, DC: Island Press Glotfelty, C 2000 Cold war, silent spring: The trope of war in modern environmentalism In C Waddell (Ed.), And no birds sing: Rhetorical analyses of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, 157–73 Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press Larson, B 2005 The war of the roses: Demilitarizing invasion biology Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3, 495–500 McGrath, S 2005, March Attack of the alien invaders National Geographic, 207(3), 92–117 Peretti, J (1998) Nativism and nature: Rethinking biological invasion Environmental Values, 7, 183–92 Sagoff, M 1999 What’s wrong with invasive species? Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, 19, 16–23 Shelton, J 2004 Killing animals that don’t fit in: Moral dimensions of habitat restoration Between the Species 4, http://cla.calpoly.edu/ bts/index_04.htm Simberloff, D 2003 Confronting invasive species: A form of xenophobia? Biological Invasions, 5, 179–92 Woods, M., & Moriarty, P 2001 Strangers in a strange land: The problem of exotic species Environmental Values, 10, 163–91 Zimmer, C 2008 Friendly invaders New York Times, Science section, September Jo-Ann Shelton EXPERIMENTATION AND RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS Despite over a century of animal rights and antivivisectionist protest, scientists, regulatory agencies, and others have remained convinced that experiments on animals yield important scientific and medical discoveries At this time, animal experimentation is not only permitted by American laws, it is actively required For example, before most drug studies can proceed to clinical trials in human patients, animal testing must first be performed Animal use still seems to be increasing, despite its high cost, tight regulation, and the availability of cell cultures, advanced imaging procedures, and other technologies that can replace some animal studies A very wide variety and large number of animals serve in experiments Great apes, such as chimpanzees, are used in small numbers in laboratories Drosophila fruit flies, Caenorhabditis nematode worms, and other invertebrates are also common laboratory inhabitants Also numerous are mice, rats, zebra fish, frogs, and others Exact numbers of laboratory animals are impossible to come by in the United States The U.S Department of Agriculture publishes an annual report, including the numbers reported for the handful of species covered by the Animal Welfare Act In 2006, they reported the use of 1,012,713 dogs, cats, primates, and other covered species (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ animal_welfare/downloads/awreports/ awreport2006amend.pdf) This number excludes and is dwarfed by the vast numbers of mice, rats, fish, and frogs for which there is no required reporting This author has estimated that some 80–100 million mice and rats are bred for use in laboratories annually Comparing these numbers to vertebrate and invertebrate animals used for human food is difficult This author has estimated that approximately one hundred mammals or birds are killed for food each year in the United States for every one laboratory mammal or bird, but this is a very, very rough estimate The variety of animal species used in the laboratory are derived from a number