Docking | 177 Standards, accessed on December 15, 2008, http://www.aahperd.org/aahe/pdf.files/stan dards.pdf Balcombe, Jonathan 2001 Dissection: The scientific case for alternatives Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4:117–126 DeBoer, George E 1991 A history of ideas in science education: Implications for practice New York: Columbia University French, Roger 2000 Ancients and moderns in the medical sciences: From Hippocrates to Harvey Aldershot, England: Ashgate Hart, Lynette A., and Wood, Mary W 2005 Mainstreaming alternatives in veterinary medical education: Resource development and curricular reform Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 32:473–480 Hart, Lynette, Wood, Mary W and Hart, Benjamin L 2008 Why dissection? Animal use in education Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Huxley, Thomas H 1876/1902 On the study of biology In Science and Education New York: P.F Collier & Son Jukes, Nick, and Chiuia, Mihnea 2003 From guinea pig to computer mouse: Alternative methods for a progressive, humane education, 2nd ed Leicester, England: InterNICHE National Academies Press 1996/2007 National science education standards Washington, DC: National Academy Press NORINA (Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives, NORINA: A Norwegian Inventory of Audiovisuals, accessed on December 15, 2008, http://oslovet.veths.no/NORINA Patronek, Gary J and Rauch, Annette 2007 Systematic review of comparative studies examining alternatives to the harmful use of animals in biomedical education Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230:37–43 Singer, Susan R., Hilton, Margaret L., and Schweingruber Heidi A (eds.) America’s lab report: Investigations in high school science (Washington, DC: Committee on High School Science Laboratories: Role and Vision, National Research Council), accessed December 15, 2008, http://www.nap.edu/ catalog/11311.html Vesalius, Andreas, 1543/1964 De humani corporis fabrica libri septem Bruxelles: Culture et Civilization Wood, Mary, and Hart, Lynette Why dissection? Animal use in education: Resources, accessed December 15, 2008, http://www vetmed.ucdavis.edu/Animal_Alternatives/ appendices.html Lynette A Hart DISTRESS IN ANIMALS Distress denotes mental suffering and may be reflected in a change in molecular receptor binding in the central nervous system (e.g., benzodiazepine, opioid, serotonin, noradrenalin) It may be an integral part of other aspects of suffering An animal in pain from a broken leg may be fearful of being moved or touched, as well as being distressed by its inability to move normally Such changes in receptor binding in the central nervous system may lead to stereotypic behaviors In a physiological sense, it means that an animal is no longer able to cope with its environment, usually over a long period of time, and is becoming hormonally deranged, that is, homeostasis is lost Most animals can adapt to short-term minor stressors, and this is an important part of survival and retaining fitness to live and reproduce, but when the stressors are severe or prolonged so that animals are unable to adapt, they can be described as physiological distress David B Morton DOCKING Docking refers to the removal of varying amounts of the tail Docking is done for reasons of fashion (dogs, horses), protection of some animals from diseases where other preventative measures are impracticable (lambs, hill farming of sheep against fly-strike), convenience