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DiagnosisofTuber culos is
Dr.JohnWatson
Dr.JohnWatson
LeedsGeneralInfirmary
LeedsGeneralInfirmary
[...]... infectiousness approx 25% of smear +ve 25% of smear + AAFB (shown in red) are tubercle bacilli Culture u Gold standard for u diagnosis u Results in 23 weeks with u Results in 2 liquid media u Enables sensitivity testing u u Distinguishes non u tuberculous mycobacteria u Culture all specimens u – Sputum, biopsy specimens, BAL, aspirates u u Remember Formalin kills! Colonies of M. tuberculosis ... appearance oftuberculosis affecting lower trachea u Confirmed on u histology and culture culture Other diagnostic tests u Histology u – caseating granuloma (+/ AAFB) (+/ u PCR u – – – – – M. tuberculosis DNA Can be done on any specimen even after formalin Cannot distinguish viable from dead bacilli Sensitivity about 80% u Tuberculin test u u Assays of T cell production of Gamma Interferon... 29% 29% Examine the patient u Pulmonary u – Depends on site and extent of disease – Chest examination often normal unless advanced disease u Extrapulmonary u Extra – Almost any sign, anywhere u Latent TB Infection u – Normal Normal Chest Xray u Abnormalities most common in upper lobes or u apical segment of lower lobes – – – – – Infiltrates Nodules Consolidation Cavities ... even after formalin Cannot distinguish viable from dead bacilli Sensitivity about 80% u Tuberculin test u u Assays of T cell production of Gamma Interferon u Assays of T cell production of Gamma Interferon Tuberculin Skin Test u Mantoux or Heaf u u Evidence of exposure to tuberculous u antigens – TB disease – LTBI – BCG – Non tuberculous mycobacteria u False negative u – Immunosuppressed – Overwhelming TB disease... Abnormalities most common in upper lobes or u apical segment of lower lobes – – – – – Infiltrates Nodules Consolidation Cavities Fibrosis u Atypical in immunosuppressed (including HIV) u u Cannot confirm diagnosis u u Cannot distinguish active and old disease u Cannot distinguish active and old disease Infiltration with cavity and volume loss in Left upper lobe upper lobe Infiltrates in right upper lobe... completing treatment treatment Opacity Apical segment Right lower lobe Right lower lobe Right lower lobe consolidation Old changes left apex apex Pleural effusion Pleural effusion Differential diagnosis u Unilateral infiltrate u – Pneumonia, carcinoma u Bilateral infiltrates u – Sarcoid u Upper zone fibrosis u – Sarcoid, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, ABPA Sarcoid alveolitis u ... Multiple cavities u – Wegener’s granulomatosis, Staph. Pneumonia, PMF Wegener granulomatosis Staph ’ u Hilar / Mediastinal Lymph Nodes u – Sarcoid, Lymphoma Sarcoid , Lymphoma Differential diagnosis Some TB which were Some I thought were missed – originally TB but were not – thought to be: turned out to be: u Lymphoma u u Lymphoma u u Pneumonia u u Pneumonia u u Bronchial Carcinoma . Diagnosis of Tuber culos is
Dr. John Watson
Dr. John Watson
Leeds General Infirmary
Leeds General Infirmary