Rf circuit design theory and applications

RF CIRCUIT DESIGN Theory and Applications REINHOLD LUDWIG Second Edition GENE BOGDANOV RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications Reinhold Ludwig Worcester Polytechnic Institute Gene Bogdanov Worcester Polytechnic Institute PI A R) O N Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publlcation Data Ludwig, Reinhold RF circuit design : theory and applications / Reinhold Ludwig, Gene Bogdanov, p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-13-147137-6 (hardcover) Radio circuits-D esign and construction Radio frequency I Bogdanov, Gene II Title TK6553.L823 2007 621.384'12-dc22 2007040036 Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J Horton Associate Editor: Alice Dworkin Editorial Assistant: William Opaluch Marketing Manager: Tim Galllgan Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Liaison: Rose Keman Senior Operations Supervisor: Alexis Heydt-Long Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Cover Design: Jayne Conte Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Patelli Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager, Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Image Permission Coordinator John Ferreri Composition/Full-Service Project Management: Laserwords Printer/Binder: LSC Communications MATLAB and SIMULINK are registered trademarks of The Math Works, Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458 Pearson Prendc&Hall All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc Pearson® is a registered trademark of Peawon pic Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Education Ltd., London Education Singapore, Pte Ltd Education, Canada, Inc Education-Japan Education Australia PTY, Limited Pearson Education North Asia, Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A de C.V Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte Ltd Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 15 17 ISBN-13: ^ - - - 7 - ISBN-10: - - 37-b 26 2020 DEDICATION To our families and the memory of my father F Ludwig Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ludwig, Reinhold RF circuit design : theory and applications / Reinhold Ludwig, Gene Bogdanov, p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-13-147137-6 (hardcover) Radio circuits-Design and construction Radio frequency I Bogdanov, Gene II Title TK6553.L823 2007 621.384'12-dc22 2007040036 Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J Horton Associate Editor: Alice Dworkin Editorial Assistant: William Opaluch Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Liaison: Rose Keman Senior Operations Supervisor: Alexis Heydt-Long Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Cover Design: Jayne Conte Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Patelli Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager, Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Image Permission Coordinator John Ferreri Composition/Full-Service Project Management: Laserwords Printer/Binder: LSC Communications MATLAB and SIMULINK are registered trademarks of The Math Works, Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 074S8 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson pic Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Education Ltd., London Education Singapore, Pte Ltd Education, Canada, Inc Education-Japan Education Australia PTY, Limited Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Education North Asia, Ltd., Hong Kong Educación de Mexico, S.A de C.V Education Malaysia, Pte Ltd Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 15 17 I SBN-13: I SBN-1D: 26 2020 T7Ô-0-13-147137-5 - - 7 -b Contents Preface xiii Chapter Introduction 1.1 Importance of Radio Frequency Design 1.2 Dimensions and Units 1.3 Frequency Spectrum 1.4 RF Behavior of Passive Components 1.4.1 Resistors at High Frequency 1.4.2 Capacitors at High Frequency 1.4.3 Inductors at High Frequency 1.5 Chip Components and Circuit Board Considerations 1.5.1 Chip Resistors 1.5.2 Chip Capacitors 1.5.3 Surface-Mounted Inductors 1.6 RF Circuit Manufacturing Processes 1.7 Summary 10 16 19 22 25 25 27 28 29 32 Chapter Transmission Line 41 Analysis 2.1 Why Transmission Line Theory? 2.2 Examples of Transmission Lines 2.2.1 Two-Wire Lines 2.2.2 Coaxial Line 2.2.3 Microstrip Lines 2.3 Equivalent Circuit Representation 42 45 45 46 47 49 V 2.4 Theoretical Foundation 2.4.1 Basic Laws 2.5 Circuit Parameters for a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line 2.6 Summary of Different Line Configurations 2.7 General Transmission Line Equation 2.7.1 Kirchhoff Voltage and Current Law Representations 2.7.2 Traveling Voltage and Current Waves 2.7.3 Characteristic Impedance 2.7.4 Lossless Transmission Line Model 2.8 Microstrip Transmission Lines 2.9 Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 2.9.1 Voltage Reflection Coefficient 2.9.2 Propagation Constant and Phase Velocity 2.9.3 Standing Waves 2.10 Special Termination Conditions 2.10.1 Input Impedance of Terminated Lossless Line 2.10.2 Short-Circuit Terminated Transmission Line 2.10.3 Open-Circuited Transmission Line 2.10.4 Quarter-Wave Transmission Line 2.11 Sourced and Loaded Transmission Line 2.11.1 Phasor Representation of Source 2.11.2 Power Considerations for a Transmission Line 2.11.3 Input Impedance Matching f 1.4 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 2.12 Summary Chapter The Smith Chart 3.1 From Reflection Coefficient to Load Impedance 3.1.1 Reflection Coefficient in Phasor Form 3.1.2 Normalized Impedance Equation 3.1.3 Parametric Reflection Coefficient Equation 3.1.4 Graphical Representation 3.2 Impedance Transformation 3.2.1 Impedance Transformation for General Load 3.2.2 Standing Wave Ratio 3.2.3 Special Transformation Conditions 3.2.4 Computer Simulations 52 52 57 61 62 62 66 67 67 68 - 73 73 74 75 78 78 79 82 83 87 87 88 91 92 95 103 104 104 106 108 110 112 " 112 113 116 120 Contents vii 3.3 Admittance Transformation 3.3.1 Parametric Admittance Equation 3.3.2 Additional Graphical Displays 3.4 Parallel and Series Connections 3.4.1 Parallel Connection of R and L Elements 3.4.2 Parallel Connection of R and C Elements 3.4.3 Series Connection of R and L Elements 3.4.4 Series Connection of R and C Elements 3.4.5 Example of a T-Network 3.5 Summary 123 123 126 127 127 128 129 129 131 135 Chapter Single- and Multiport Networks 4.1 Basic Definitions 4.2 Interconnecting Networks 4.2.1 Series Connection of Networks 4.2.2 Parallel Connection of Networks 4.2.3 Cascading Networks 4.2.4 Summary of ABCD Network Representations 4.3 Network Properties and Applications 4.3.1 Interrelations between Parameter Sets 4.3.2 Analysis of Microwave Amplifier 4.4 Scattering Parameters 4.4.1 Definition of Scattering Parameters 4.4.2 Meaning of 5-Parameters 4.4.3 Chain Scattering Matrix 4.4.4 Conversion between Z-and 5-Parameters 4.4.5 Signal Flowgraph Modeling 4.4.6 Generalization of 5-Parameters 4.4.7 Practical Measurements of 5-Parameters 4.5 Summary 'Chapter An Overview of RF Filter Design 5.1 Basic Resonator and Filter Configurations 5.1.1 Filter Types and Parameters 5.1.2 Low-Pass Filter 5.1.3 High-Pass Filter 5.1.4 Bandpass and Bandstop Filters 5.1.5 Insertion Loss 145 146 - - 154 154 156 157 158 163 163 166 169 169 172 175 177 178 184 188 195 205 206 206 210 213 214 221 vlll Contents 5.2 Special Filter Realizations 5.2.1 Butterworth-Type Filters 5.2.2 Chebyshev-Type Filters 5.2.3 Denormalization of Standard Low-Pass Design 5.3 Filter Implementation 5.3.1 Unit Elements 5.3.2 Kuroda’s Identities 5.3.3 Examples of Microstrip Filter Design 5.4 Coupled Filter 5.4.1 Odd and Even Mode Excitation 5.4.2 Bandpass Filter Section 5.4.3 Cascading Bandpass Filter Elements 4.4 Design Example 5.5 Summary Ciapter Active RF Components 6.1 Semiconductor Basics 6.1.1 Physical Properties of Semiconductors 6.1.2 The /vi-Junction 6.1.3 Schottky Contact 6.2 RF Diodes 6.2.1 Schottky Diode 6.2.2 PIN Diode 6.2.3 Varactor Diode 6.2.4 IMPATT Diode 6.2.5 Tunnel Diode 6.2.6 TRAP ATT, BARRITT, and Gunn Diodes 6.3 Bip'lar-JunctionTransistor 6.3.1 Construction 6.3.2 Functionality 6.3.3 Frequency Response 6.3.4 Temperature Behavior 6.3.5 Limiting Values 6.3.5 Noise Performance 6.4 RF Held Effect Transistors 6.4.1 Construction 6.4.2 Functionality 224 225 228 236 245 247 247 249 257 257 260 262 264 268 277 278 278 285 295 298 299 301 307 310 312 313 313 314 316 322 324 328 329 330 330 331 6.4.3 Frequency Response 6.4.4 Limiting Values 6.5 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Transistors 6.5.1 Construction 6.5.2 Functionality 6.6 High Electron Mobility Transistors 6.6.1 Construction 6.6.2 Functionality 6.6.3 Frequency Response 6.7 Semiconductor Technology Trends 6.8 Summary Clapter Active RF Component Modeling 7.1 Diode Models 7.1.1 Nonlinear Diode Model 7.1.2 Linear Diode Model 7.2 Transistor Models 7.2.1 Large-Signal BJT Models 7.2.2 Small-Signal BJT Models 7.2.3 Large-Signal FET Models 7.2.4 Small-Signal FET Models 7.2.5 Transistor Amplifier Topologies 7.3 Measurement of Active Devices 7.3.1 DC Characterization of Bipolar Transistor 7.3.2 Measurements of AC Parameters of Bipolar Transistors 7.3.3 Measurements of Field Effect Transistor Parameters 7.4 Scattering Parameter Device Characterization 7.5 Summary Ciapter Matching and Biasing Networks 8.1 Impedance Matching Using Discrete Components 8.1.1 Two-Component Matching Networks 1.2 Forbidden Regions, Frequency Response, andQuality Factoi 8.1.3 T and Pi Matching Networks 8.2 Microstrip Line Matching Networks 8.2.1 From Discrete Components to Microstrip Lines 8.2.2 Single-Stub Matching Networks 8.2.3 Double-Stub Matching Networks 338 339 339 340 341 342 343 343 346 347 352 361 362 362 364 367 367 376 388 391 395 397 397 398 403 404 413 421 422 422 431 442 446 446 450 454 x Contents 8.3 Amplifier Classes of Operation and Biasing Networks 8.3.1 Classes of Operation and Efficiency of Amplifiers 8.3.2 Bipolar Transistor Biasing Networks 8.3.3 Field Effect Transistor Biasing Networks 8.4 Summary Chapter RF Transistor Amplifier Design 9.1 Characteristics of Amplifiers 9.2 Amplifier Power Relations 9.2.1 RF Source 9.2.2 Transducer Power Gain 9.2.3 Additional Power Relations 9.3 Stability Considerations 9.3.1 Stability Circles 9.3.2 Unconditional Stability 9.3.3 Stabilization Methods 9.4 Constant Gain 9.4.1 Unilateral Design 9.4.2 Unilateral Figure of Merit 9.4.3 Bilateral Design 9.4.4 Operating and Available Power Gain Circles 9.5 Noise Figure Circles 9.6 Constant VSWR Circles 9.7 Broadband, High-Power, and Multistage Amplifiers 9.7.1 Broadband Amplifiers 9.7.2 High-Power Amplifiers 9.7.3 Multistage Amplifiers 9.8 Summary Chapter 10 Oscillators and Mixers 10.1 Basic Oscillator Models 10.1.1 Feedback Oscillator 10.1.2 Negative Resistance Oscillator 10.1.3 Oscillator Phase Noise 10.1.4 Feedback Oscillator Design 10.1.5 Design Steps 10.1.6 Quartz Oscillators 458 458 463 469 478 48S 486 487 487 488 489 492 492 494 501 504 504 510 512 515 521 525 529 529 540 543 550 559 560 560 562 574 578 581 585 Contents 10.2 High-Frequency Oscillator Configuration 10.2.1 Fixed-Frequency Oscillators 10.2.2 Dielectric Resonator Oscillators 10.2.3 YIG-Tuned Oscillator 10.2.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 10.2.5 Gunn Element Oscillator 10.3 Basic Characteristics of Mixers 10.3.1 Basic Concepts 10.3.2 Frequency Domain Considerations 10.3.3 Single-Ended Mixer Design 10.3.4 Single-Balanced Mixer 10.3.5 Double-Balanced Mixer 10.3.6 Integrated Active Mixers 10.3.7 Image Reject Mixer 10.4 Summary xl 587 591 598 603 604 608 609 610 612 614 622 623 624 628 641 Appendix A Useful Physical Quantities and Units 647 Appendix B Skin Equation for a Cylindrical Conductor 653 Appendix C Complex Numbers C Basic Definition C.2 Magnitude Computations C.3 Circle Equation 657 657 657 658 Appendix D Matrix Conversions 659 Appendix E Physical Parameters of Semiconductors 663 Appendix F Long and Short Diode Models F Long Diode F.2 Short Diode 665 Appendix G Couplers G Wilkinson Divider G.2 Branch Line Coupler G.3 Lange Coupler 669 669 672 676 Appendix H Noise Analysis H Basic Definitions H.2 Noisy Two-Port Networks 677 677 679 666 666 xll Contents H.3 Noise Figure for Two-Port Network H.4 Noise Figure for Cascaded MultiportNetwork Appendix I Introduction to M a tl a b 1.1 Background 1.2 Brief Example of Stability Evaluation 1.3 Simulation Software 1.3.1 Overview 1.3.2 File Organization Index 682 685 689 689 691 693 693 693 695 ... Reinhold RF circuit design : theory and applications / Reinhold Ludwig, Gene Bogdanov, p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-13-147137-6 (hardcover) Radio circuits-D esign and. .. DEDICATION To our families and the memory of my father F Ludwig Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ludwig, Reinhold RF circuit design : theory and applications / Reinhold Ludwig,... RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications Reinhold Ludwig Worcester Polytechnic Institute Gene Bogdanov Worcester