1396 CFC and Costello syndromes, 1412–1414 Channelopathies, 351–356, 352b Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, cardiac involvement in, 1106 Charge syndrome, 1417, 1417t CHDs, Congenital heart defects Chemoreceptors, arterial, in control of circulation, 1358–1359 Chemotherapy, for cardiac tumors, 977 Chest CT, in pulmonary hypertension, 1388 Chest masses, 99 Chest radiography of anomalies of the aortic arch, 888–889, 888f–889f of pulmonary arterial sling, 892 for pulmonary hypertension, 1387 in pulmonary stenosis, 782, 782f Chiari network, 519, 520f in diagnostic catheterization, 245 Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS), in cancer therapy-related cardiotoxicity, 1167 Childhood vasculitides, systemic arterial dysfunction and, 1372–1373 Children acute and chronic renal consequences of cardiac disease in, 1421–1427 estimated energy for, 1498t protein requirements for, 1498t radiation dose optimization in, 333 Chi-square test, 414 Chlorothiazide for hypertension, 1140t Choking, vascular rings and, 888 Cholesterol ester storage disease, cardiac involvement in, 1093 Chorangiosis, placental-to-birth weight ratios in, 160, 160f Chromosomal abnormalities, prevalence of congenital heart disease, 177 Chromosomal anomalies, 1407–1410, 1408t deletion 8P23 syndrome, 1410, 1410f–1411f, 1410t Down syndrome, 1407–1409 Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18, 1409–1410 Turner syndrome, 1409, 1409f, 1409t Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome, 886 Chronic heart failure, 1193–1203 basic concepts of, 1193, 1194f cardiac myocyte, cellular physiology of, 1197–1198 normal and the failing heart, function of, 1193–1196, 1194f cardiac function with the pressure-volume loop, examination of, 1195–1196, 1196f other organs and mediators in, 1198 sodium and water, retention of, 1198 sympathetic nervous system, 1198 pediatric, outcome of, 1203 treatment of, 1198–1203 angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors for, 1201, 1201f β-blockers for, 1200–1201, 1200f–1201f cardiac resynchronization therapy for, 1201–1202 digoxin for, 1199 diuretics for, 1199 reducing sudden death, 1202–1203, 1202f, 1203t renin-angiotensin system, inhibitors of, 1199–1200 Chronic lung disease, pulmonary hypertension associated with, 207, 1385–1386 Chronic mechanical circulatory support, 1205–1216 long-term, current devices for, 1208–1210 Berlin Heart EXCOR in, 1208, 1208f continuous flow ventricular assist devices in, 1209 future devices and, 1210 HeartMate II in, 1209 HVAD in, 1209–1210 total artificial heart in, 1208–1209 patient selection for, 1205–1206, 1206f support strategies in, 1205–1206 perioperative management with, 1214–1216 outpatient management and, 1215–1216 short-term, current devices for, 1206–1208, 1207f in special populations, 1210–1214 adult congenital heart disease, 1214 BiVAD versus LVAD support, 1210 congenital heart disease, 1210–1211 elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, 1213–1214 single ventricle hearts, 1211–1213, 1212f, 1213t Chronic renal consequences, of cardiac disease in children, 1421–1427 cardiorenal syndromes, classification of, 1421–1427, 1422t Chronic rheumatic heart disease, 1023–1041 background and epidemiology of, 1023, 1024f cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in, 1031–1032 chronic progression, 1026 clinical assessment of, 1026–1027 complications of, 1032 diagnostic criteria for, 1023–1026 in setting of documented episode of ARF, 1024, 1025b without previous history of ARF, 1026 echocardiographic screening of, 1038–1039 echocardiography and, 1027–1031 aortic valve disease, 1027–1030, 1030b, 1031f cardiosurgical intervention, 1031, 1032f mitral valve disease, 1027, 1028f–1030f, 1028b progression/resolution monitoring, 1031 pulmonary valve disease, 1030 tricuspid valve disease, 1030 valvular severity grading, 1030–1031 establishing centers for, 1039–1041, 1041b management of medical, 1032–1034 percutaneous strategies for, 1034–1036 surgery for, 1036–1037, 1037t pathogenesis of, 1023, 1025f Chronotropic incompetence, in Fontan circulation, 1322 CHSS, Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society Chylopericardium, 1070 ... other organs and mediators in, 1198 sodium and water, retention of, 1198 sympathetic nervous system, 1198 pediatric, outcome of, 1203 treatment of, 1198–1203 angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors for, 1201, 1201f