unfractionated heparin The choice of acute anticoagulation treatment as well as long-term preventative therapy is influenced by stroke etiology as well as the presence of a cardioembolic cause or arterial dissection Further therapy is determined by the type of stroke Neurosurgical intervention may be required to evacuate a hematoma or control a bleeding arteriovenous malformation (AVM) Catheter-directed embolization may also be possible in cases of AVM Children with sickle cell disease and stroke should have acute transfusion to decrease the level of hemoglobin S to less than 30% Novel therapies such as calcium channel blockers and free radical scavengers have not been studied in pediatric patients and their use remains experimental Regardless of treatment, long-term morbidity of stroke in children is high, with more than 75% of affected children experiencing sequelae such as hemiparesis, seizures, and learning difficulties Overall, prognosis for children with stroke is better than that in adults