TABLE 96.4 COMMON CAUSES OF NEONATAL SEIZURES Asphyxia-related events Metabolic derangements Cerebrovascular lesions Infection Intrapartum stress or infection Postnatal hypoxia due to trauma or systemic illness Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Hyponatremia/Hypernatremia Neonatal stroke Venous thrombosis Subarachnoid hemorrhage Subdural hematoma Congenital infections (e.g., toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) Viral meningitis or meningoencephalitis (e.g., herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, parvovirus) Bacterial meningitis Central nervous system malformations Dysgenetic syndromes (e.g., holoprosencephaly, lissencephaly) Chromosomal anomalies (e.g., trisomy 18) Acquired malformations Inborn errors of metabolism Nonketotic hyperglycinemia Branched-chain aminoacidopathies Urea cycle defects with hyperammonemia Adrenoleukodystrophies (e.g., Zellweger syndrome) Mitochondrial disorders with elevated lactate and pyruvate Pyridoxine deficiency Prenatal exposure to barbiturates, alcohol, heroin, cocaine, methadone may seize within days to weeks of age Drug withdrawal or intoxication