Nightingale, Florence, 1481 Nikaidoh procedure, 690–692, 691f NIRS, Near-infrared spectroscopy Nitric oxide circulating pool of, 1368–1369 in control of circulation, 1359 in endothelial function, 1356 Nitric oxide synthase 3 polymorphism, arterial dysfunction and, 1371 Nkx2-5 cardiac development and, 50–51 mutations of, 53–54, 54f NNECDSG, Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group Nonabsorbable sutures, 220 Non-adherence with therapy, following cardiac transplantation, 1238 Noncardiac surgery, anesthesia in patients with congenital heart disease for, 1551–1552, 1551t Nonfinancial costs, in congenital heart disease, 188, 188b Noninvasive blood pressure monitoring, in Fontan pathway, 1274, 1274t, 1288 Nonlinear regression, 414 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, for hemodynamically significant arterial duct, 198–199 Non-syndromic mutations, 53–56 Noonan syndrome, 53 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, 1147 Noradrenaline for acute circulatory failure, 1185 for control of circulation, 1357 Norepinephrine, for acute circulatory failure, 1184t Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group (NNECDSG), 1515–1516 Norwood procedure, 1378 with systemic-to-pulmonary artery (Blalock-Taussig) shunt, 1281–1282, 1282f–1283f NOTCH1, mutations of, 55–56, 56f Novel noninvasive algorithms, in Fontan pathway, 1275, 1288–1289 Nuclear perfusion imaging, exercise testing and, 396–397, 397f Nucleus, of cardiomyocyte, 67 Numerator, definition of, 174 Nutrition cardiovascular risk factors and, 425 growth and, 1495–1503 for interstage management, 1307–1308, 1312–1313 management of, in Fontan pathway, 1278, 1291–1292 systemic arterial dysfunction and, 1372 Nutritional deficiencies, in Fontan pathway, 1295 Nutritional management, 1498–1499 feeding routes and, 1500 with Fontan circulation, 1503 infant nutritional requirements and, 1498 for infants with low weight, 1500 for inpatients, 1502 maximizing calories and, 1502 outpatient nutrition challenges for, 1502 for outpatients, 1502 parenteral nutrition and, 1499–1500 for patients requiring mechanical support, 1502 postoperative nutrition and, 1499 prostaglandin and, 1498–1499 with umbilical arterial catheters, 1499 O Obesity cardiovascular risk factors and, 425–426 congenital heart disease and, 1502–1503 hypertension and, 1124 systemic arterial dysfunction and, 1371 Oblique sinus, 17, 19f Observational studies, 415–418, 416t causality from, 417–418, 418b Obstructed TAPVC, 487 Obstruction, in cardiac tumors, 965–966, 966f Okihiro syndrome, 53 Ontogeny, 1429 Open sternum, 219–220 Open valvotomy, 832 Oral anticoagulation, for pulmonary hypertension, 1389 Oral contraception with congenital heart disease, 1442, 1442t Oral feeding, 1500 Oral prostacyclin analogues, for pulmonary hypertension, 1389–1390 Organ procurement, in cardiac transplantation, 1476–1477 Organelle, turnover, 69 Organic anion transporting polypeptides, 1435 Organic cation transporters, 1435 Orificial atresia, coronary, 875–876 clinical presentation of, 875 diagnostic testing of, 875–876 outcomes for, 876 pathophysiology of, 875 surgical technique for, 876 Oscillometric devices for blood pressure measurement, 1116