Microalbuminuria, 1331 Microcephaly, in congenital brain disease, 1396 Microchromosomal anomalies, 1410–1412 deletion 22q11.2 (DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome), 1410–1411, 1411t monogenic syndromes, 1412–1419 Williams syndrome, 1412, 1412f, 1412t Micro-computed tomography, 88, 90f MicroRNAs, cardiac development and, 51 Microvasculature, endothelial function in, 1368, 1369f Mid-Atlantic Group of Interventional Cardiology, 1511t–1514t Middle cerebral artery, pulse-wave Doppler, 129–130, 130f Milrinone for acute circulatory failure, 1184t for hypotension and circulatory collapse, in prematurity, 204 Mineralocorticoid excess, apparent, hypertension in, 1137 Minimally invasive approaches, 218–219, 219f Minoxidil for hypertension, 1140t–1141t Minute ventilation, 384–385 Mirror imaging, on ultrasound images, 283 Mitochondria, in cardiomyocyte, 74–75, 75f Mitochondrial cardiomyopathies, 1148 Mitochondrial myopathies, cardiac involvement in, 1097 Mitral arcade, 611 Mitral cleft, 612–613, 613f Mitral insufficiency pure, 617–618 stenosis versus, 616 Mitral regurgitation in chronic rheumatic heart disease, 1026 interventional techniques for, 263 in Kawasaki syndrome, 983 in rheumatic fever, 1004, 1007b Mitral stenosis, 618 in chronic rheumatic heart disease, 1026 percutaneous management of, 1034 incompetence versus, 616 interventional techniques for, 263 Mitral valve accessory tissue, 614, 614f in diagnostic catheterization, 250 dual-orifice, 614, 614f morphogenesis of, 607, 609f–611f operations, 1036–1037 repair, 1036, 1038f–1041f replacement, 1037, 1038f three-dimensional echocardiography of, 314t Mitral valve diseases, 607–630, 608t, see also specific abnormalities cardiac catheterization in, 623–624 chest radiography in, 618 chronic rheumatic heart disease and, 1027, 1028f–1030f, 1028b classification of, 609–611 clinical presentation of, 617–618 computed tomography in, 623, 624f course of, 624 differential diagnosis of, 624 dysplastic, 611–613 echocardiography in, 618, 618f cross-sectional, 618–620, 619f–621f Doppler, 621–622, 621f–622f three-dimensional, 622–623, 623f effect on heart, 616 electrocardiography in, 618 essentially double-outlet ventriculoarterial connections together with anterosuperior interventricular muscular communication, 616, 616f etiology of, 616–617 with excess of leaflet tissue, 616 in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 614, 615f incidence of, 616–617 magnetic resonance imaging in, 623 medical management of, 625 morphology of, 607–616, 612f pathophysiology of, 617 prognosis of, 624 surgical management of, 625–630 complications in, 629, 630f mitral valve repair, 625 mitral valve replacement, 627 risk factors and long-term results in, 629–630 Mitral valve prolapse, 616 Mitral valve repair, 625 on annulus, 626, 629f on leaflets, 625–626, 628f–629f on subvalvar apparatus, 625 chords, 625, 627f–628f papillary muscles, 625, 626f–627f on supraannular level, 626, 629f Mitral valve replacement, 627 biologic, 627–629, 630f mechanical, 627 Mixed α- and β-adrenoreceptor blockers, for hypertension, 1140, 1140t Mixed anomalous connection, 479 Mixed drainage, 476 M-mode echocardiography, measurement of atrioventricular ring displacement with, 96–97 M-mode imaging, 285 Mobitz type I AV block, 337–338, 337f