surgical management of, 689–690 Leiden Convention, 30 LEOPARD syndrome, 1412 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, 1147 Leukomalacia, periventricular, in congenital brain disease, 1396–1397 Levocardia, 917–918 Levosimendan, for acute circulatory failure, 1184t Liddle syndrome, hypertension in, 1137 Lidocaine, for atrial tachyarrhythmias, 139t Ligation, of pulmonary artery, 1280 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, cardiac involvement in, 1103 Linear regression, 414 Lipid profile, in Kawasaki syndrome, 994 Lipomas, 974–975 Literature, critical appraisal of, 403–422 of harm studies, 420–421 levels of evidence and, 419, 419t measurement and description of data, 409–410 pediatric cardiovascular data, 403–409 of prognosis studies, 420 study design and, 415–419 of therapy results studies, 420 Liver disease, Fontan-associated, 1331–1334, 1331f clinical implications, 1335 future directions, 1335–1336 lymphatic insufficiency, 1332, 1333f neurocognitive outcomes, 1335 peripheral vascular disease, 1334 plastic bronchitis, 1332–1333, 1333f–1334f, 1333t protein-losing enteropathy, 1333–1334 psychological health, 1335 quality of life, 1335 Liver phosphorylase deficiency, cardiac involvement in, 1089 Local arterial stiffness, 1362–1364, 1362t, 1363f–1364f Local control, of circulation, 1357 Loeffler endocarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy and, 1159 Loeys-Dietz syndrome, cardiac involvement in, 1078–1079, 1079t, 1079b, 1101, 1101f Long QT syndrome (LQTS), 351–353, 353f 1 (KCNQI), 353 2 (KCNH2), 353 3 (SCN5A), 353 exercise testing in, 401 neonatal, 353 pacing for, 366 treatment of, 353–354 Long QT1 (KCNQI), 353 Long QT2 (KCNH2), 353 Long QT3 (SCN5A), 353 Longitudinal analysis, 415 Long-standing and severe hypoxemia, consequences of, 1524–1525, 1525f, 1525t Long-standing volume and pressure overload, adverse effects of, 1525 Long-term mechanical circulatory support current devices for, 1208–1210 use of, 1205 Low- and middle-income countries, pediatric cardiac care in, 1519–1533 congenital heart disease in, patient profile of, 1523–1528 infections in, 1526–1528, 1527t late presentation of, 1523–1525 undernutrition and its impact on, 1525–1526, 1526f health system challenges in, 1521–1523, 1521b acquired heart disease, 1522–1523 congenital heart disease, 1521–1522, 1522t in resource limited environments, delivering, 1528–1532 continuing medical education and training initiatives in, 1532 establishing and sustaining pediatric heart programs in, 1530–1531, 1530f, 1531t general principles of, 1526f, 1528–1530, 1529t quality improvement initiatives for programs in, 1532 training programs in, 1531–1532 into universal health care models, integrating, 1531 Low birth weight definition of, 190b nutrition and, 1500 systemic arterial dysfunction and, 1371 Low cardiac output, in modified Fontan procedure, 1303–1304, 1304t Low-renin hypertension, 1136–1137, 1136t LQTS, Long QT syndrome Luminal myofibroblastic proliferation, 980 Lung biopsy, for pulmonary hypertension, 1388 Lung disease, restrictive, in Fontan circulation, 1322–1323 Lung injury, preterm, pulmonary hypertension and, 207 Lung transplantation, heart transplantation with, 1238–1239 Lungs development of, fetal hemodynamics and, 122, 122f–123f flow of blood to, fetal, 94–95, 94f as service organ, 381–382, 382f Lupus erythematosus, neonatal, other manifestations of, 143 LV outflow tract cine, 320t–321t LVAD support, BiVAD versus, 1210 Lymphatic drainage abnormalities, novel treatments for, 1351 Lymphatic insufficiency in Fontan circulation, 1333t in Fontan-associated liver disease, 1332, 1333f ... Long-term mechanical circulatory support current devices for, 1208–1210 use of, 1205 Low- and middle-income countries, pediatric cardiac care in, 1519–1533 congenital heart disease in, patient profile of, 1523–1528... in resource limited environments, delivering, 1528–1532 continuing medical education and training initiatives in, 1532 establishing and sustaining pediatric heart programs in, 1530–1531, 1530f, 1531t general principles of, 1526f, 1528–1530, 1529t