aortic isthmus in, 87, 87f arterial duct in, 87 in health and disease, 90–96, 90f oval foramen in, 87 placenta in, 85–86, 86f venous duct in, 86–87, 86f embryonic circulation and, 83, 84f fetal volume blood flow measurement, 99f–100f, 100–101 global cardiac function of, 97–98 myocardial strain and strain rate, 97–98, 99f TEI index, 97, 97f heart failure and, 85 long axis function of, 96–97 Doppler tissue imaging and, 97 M-mode measures of atrioventricular ring displacement and, 96–97 maturational changes in, 87–90 postmortem studies, 88–90, 89f–90f in vivo studies, 87–88, 88f β-myosin and, 85 rate, variability of, 103–104, 104f–105f troponin and, 85 vascular physiology, 101–102, 101f vascular programming, 104–106 following fetal coarctation, 106, 106f in setting of restricted growth, 104–106 in twin-twin transfusion syndrome, 106 ventriculovascular coupling, 102–104 Fetal heart disease, antibody-mediated, 142–144 Fetal heart-placental axis, 159 Fetal hemodynamics brain growth and development and, 121–122 lung development and, 122, 122f–123f Fetal hydrops, direct fetal treatment and, 140 Fetal hyperthyroidism, 142 Fetal interests, ethical issues and, 1468 Fetal interventions, of ethical issues, 1467–1469 Fetal pressure-volume loops, 102–103, 103f Fetal programming, 157 Fetal systemic pressures, 102, 102f–103f Fetal telemedicine, 1555 Fetoplacental circulation, 85–87 aortic isthmus in, 87, 87f arterial duct in, 87 oval foramen in, 87 placenta in, 85–86, 86f venous duct in, 86–87, 86f Fetus cardiac development in, 87–90 listing for transplantation, 1226–1227 percutaneous intervention in, 149–156 for established hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or highly restrictive atrial septum, 154–155 future directions for, 155–156 for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and evolving hypoplastic right heart syndrome, 153–154 for severe midgestation aortic stenosis with evolving left heart syndrome, 149–153 pharmacologic intervention in, 137–147 antiarrhythmic fetal treatment as, 137–142 antiinflammatory fetal treatment as, 142–144 heart failure treatment as, 144 supplementary oxygenation, 144–147 vascular physiology of, assessment of, 101–102, 101f Fever, in rheumatic fever, 1011 Fibrillin, 1355–1356 Fibrillin-1 gene, arterial dysfunction and, 1373 Fibrin sealants, in hemostasis, 1289 Fibroblasts, in myocardial development, 62–64, 63f–64f Fibromas, cardiac, 971–972, 972f Fibrous skeleton, of heart, 28, 28f Filters, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 227 First-degree AV block, 337 First-degree relatives, screening, after sudden cardiac death, in young, 1538– 1540 ethical considerations and future directions for, 1540 genotype, 1539–1540, 1540t phenotype, 1539, 1540f Fistulas arterio-venous, coronary clinical features of, 937–938 investigations in, 938–940, 939f–940f long-term outcomes of, 941–944, 942f–943f management of, 940–941, 941f morphology of, 936–937, 937f–938f of coronary arteries, 99–100 Flecainide, 1437 for atrial tachyarrhythmias, 138–140, 139t Flow, rates of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 227–228 Flucloxacillin for blood culture-negative endocarditis, 1054t for infective endocarditis, 1053t Fluid dynamics, computational, for univentricular heart, 1350 Fluid management, for hemodynamically significant arterial duct, 198 Fluid requirements, 1498t Fluoroscopy camera angles, 243t Focal atrial tachycardia, 357 Fontan circulation congenitally corrected transposition and, 714 nutrition and, 1503 in pregnancy, 1446 for univentricular heart arrhythmia in, 1324–1329, 1324f atrial fibrillation, 1328 atrial tachyarrhythmias, 1327–1328