Annotated References Andropoulos DB Training residents and fellows in paediatric cardiac anaesthesia Cardiol Young 2016;26(8):1525–1530 A brief summary of the history, current state, and future direction of pediatric cardiac anesthesia training Miller JW, Divanovic AA, Hossain MM, et al Dosing and efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine sedation for pediatric transthoracic echocardiography: a retrospective study Can J Anaesth 2016;63(7):834–841 Dose-finding study of the use of dexmedetomidine as an alternative to general anesthetics in young children undergoing outpatient echocardiograms, demonstrating that intranasal doses of 2.5-3 µg/kg are required to provide satisfactory conditions Moore CL Ultrasound first, second and last for vascular access J Ultrasound Med 2014;33:1135–1142 Review of the indications and evidence for ultrasound-guided vascular access, providing tips for successful ultrasound guidance, and discussing barriers to its adoption, while making the case for wider use of this technology for venous and arterial access, especially in children Miller JW, Vu D, Chai PJ, et al Patient and procedural characteristics for successful and failed immediate tracheal extubation in the operating room following cardiac surgery in infancy Paediatr Anaesth 2014;24:830–839 Retrospective analysis of more than 300 consecutive patients undergoing neonatal and infant heart surgery, demonstrating early extubation in the operating room in 40% and identifying greater procedural complexity as a factor in reintubation required in 12% of fasttrack patients Ramamoorthy C, Haberkern CM, Bhananker SM, et al Anesthesia- related cardiac arrest in children with heart disease: data from the pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest (POCA) registry Anesth Analg 2010;110:1376–1382 Review of the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry on 373 anesthesiarelated cardiac arrests in children, showing that 34% had congenital or acquired heart disease, resulting in higher mortality compared with those without heart disease Lin EP, Lee JR, Lee CS, et al Do anesthetics harm the developing human brain? An integrative analysis of animal and human studies Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017;60:117–128 Review of laboratory and clinical studies into the effects of anesthetic exposure on the developing brain suggesting a dose/exposure time-response for deleterious effects on brain structure and/or cognitive function for both animals and humans Diaz LK, Gaynor JW, Koh SJ, et al Increasing cumulative exposure to volatile anesthetic agents is associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;152:482–489 Review of anesthetic records and neurodevelopmental testing performed at preschool age in almost 100 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome or variants demonstrating an association between worse cognitive outcome and cumulative volatile anesthetic exposure ... Anesthesia- related cardiac arrest in children with heart disease: data from the pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest (POCA) registry Anesth Analg 2010;110:1376–1382 Review of the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry on 373 anesthesiarelated cardiac arrests in children, showing that