permissibility of withdrawal or discontinuation of devices, 1472–1474 resource allocation of, 1468 risks of genetic testing and autonomy considerations of, 1467 shared decision-making and decision authority, 1471–1472 social justice considerations in pediatric cardiology, 1477–1479 Ethical justifications, 1473–1474 Ethylsuccinate, for rheumatic fever prevention, 1016t Etomidate, 1549 European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association Database, 1511t–1514t European Registry for ICD and CRT Devices in Pediatrics and Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, 1511t–1514t European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support, 1511t– 1514t Eustachian valve, 19, 20f in diagnostic catheterization, 245 Evidence, levels of, 419, 419t Excitation, in cardiomyocyte, 75–77, 76f EXCOR cannulas, in short-term mechanical circulatory support, 1207 Exercise blood pressure and, 1123–1124 capacity, impaired, in Fontan circulation, 1321–1324, 1321f–1323f following cardiac transplantation, 1235–1236 for Fontan failure, 1345 programs, for univentricular heart, 1348–1349, 1349f–1350f pulmonary response to, 384–385, 385f recommendations for, 801–802, 801f for “well” Fontan, 1339 Exercise physiology, 379, 380f blood flow distribution and, 382–383, 383f cardiac output surrogates and, 383–384, 384f cellular metabolism and, 379–381, 381f heart and lung as service organs and, 381–382, 382f oxygen pulse and, 384 pulmonary response to exercise and, 384–385, 385f Exercise testing, 379–402 analysers of respiratory gas exchange for, 389, 390f blood pressure monitors for, 390 for cancer therapy-related cardiotoxicity, 1171 contraindications to, 399, 399b data obtained during, 391–398 aerobic capacity as, 391–392, 392t blood pressure response as, 393–394 cardiac output as, 393, 393t electrocardiographic, 394, 394b, 395f–396f evaluation of myocardial ischemia and, 394 nuclear perfusion imaging and, 396–397, 397f positron-emission tomography and, 397–398 pulmonary function as, 393 rate of work as, 391 stress echocardiography and, 398 electrocardiographic recorders for, 388 environment in, 386 ergometers for, 387–388, 387t cycle, 388, 389f treadmill, 387, 388f indications for, 390–391, 391b laboratory requirements for, 386–387 patient preparation for, 386–387, 386f physiology and, Exercise physiology for pulmonary hypertension, 1387 pulse oximeters for, 390 safety precautions for, 386, 386b spirometry and, 389–390 termination of, reasons for, 399, 399b uses of, 399–402 Exon-intron junction selection, 68 Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft, 1278–1279, 1279f Extracardiac anomalies central nervous system, 452 gastrointestinal system, 453 genitourinary system, 454 pulmonary system, 452 Extracardiac Fontan, 1301, 1301f Extracardiac interventions, with interventional techniques, 268–275 Extracellular matrix disorders, cardiac involvement in, 1077, 1098–1102 Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, for acute circulatory failure, 1188 Extracorporeal life support (ECLS), for acute circulatory failure, 1185–1191 basic principles of, 1185 bedside care on, 1191 complete mechanical support in, 1186–1187 contraindications for, 1185–1186 echocardiography on, 1189, 1190f, 1190t extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and, 1188 family preparation for, 1191 in high-risk patient groups, 1188 indications for, 1185 left heart decompression on, 1189 mechanical support, choice and mode of, 1186, 1186t ongoing reassessment in, 1189, 1189f partial mechanical circulatory support in, 1187–1188 risks and adverse events during, 1189 simulation in, 1188–1189 survival after, 1191 timing of, 1186 transporting patients on, 1188 weaning from, 1190–1191 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry, 1511t–1514t Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for acute circulatory failure, 1186, 1187t for myocarditis, 1176