disease is suggested by history, physical examination, or laboratory studies; or by a urologist if obstructive urolithiasis or urethral disease is suspected Suggested Readings and Key References Balighian E, Burke M Urinary tract infections in children Pediar Rev 2018;39:3–12 Bergmann M, Corigliano T, Ataia I, et al Childhood extraordinary daytime urinary frequency—a case series and a systematic literature review Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:789–795 Fernandez-Ibieta M, Ayuso-Gonzalez L Dysfunctional voiding in pediatrics: a review of pathophysiology and current treatment modalities Curr Pediatr Rev 2016;12:292–300 Muhammad S, Nawaz G, Jamil I, et al Constipation in pediatric patients with lower urinary tract symptoms J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2015;25:815–818 Parekh DJ, Pope JC IV, Adams MC, et al The role of hypercalciuria in a subgroup of dysfunctional voiding syndromes of childhood J Urol 2000;164:1008–1010 Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, et al Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:302–308