Tracheoesophageal fistula Esophageal atresia/stenosis Esophageal diverticula/duplication Esophageal strictures Congenital (webs, fibromuscular, tracheobronchial remnants) Acquired (corrosive ingestion, esophagitis, postoperative) Foreign-body ingestion Thermal injury (burn from hot food/drink) Esophageal tumors (hamartomas, leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma) Esophageal polyps External esophageal compression Cardiovascular anomalies (aberrant right subclavian artery, vascular rings, double aortic arch) Mediastinal tumors/infiltrations Atopic thyroid Diaphragmatic hernias Paraesophageal hernia Hiatal hernia Altered esophageal motility Achalasia Gastroesophageal reflux Esophageal spasm Inflammatory/infectious Eosinophilic esophagitis Infectious esophagitis Candida albicans Herpes simplex Cytomegalovirus Human immunodeficiency virus Reflux esophagitis Allergic esophagitis Radiation injury Mediastinitis Esophageal perforation Crohn disease