Meningitis Cerebral abscess Cerebral cortical atrophy/hypoplasia/agenesis Arnold–Chiari malformation Cerebrovascular disease Cranial nerve palsies (V, VII, IX–XII) Palatal paralysis Laryngeal paralysis Spinal cord impairment Syringomyelia Cricopharyngeal incoordination/spasm Moebius syndrome Myotonic muscular dystrophy Guillain–Barré syndrome Werdnig–Hoffman Myasthenia gravis Myotonic dystrophy Dermatomyositis Miscellaneous Ingestions (neuroleptic-induced dystonic reaction) Familial dysautonomia (Riley–Day syndrome) Prader–Willi syndrome Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome Vitamin deficiencies (pellagra, scurvy) Acrodynia Infantile Gaucher disease Psychiatric Globus hystericus (“lump” in throat sensation) Pseudodysphagia Conversion reaction Hyperphagia Munchausen by proxy Respiratory distress Esophageal causes of dysphagia Mechanical/anatomic