Other Treatments As mentioned previously, rhabdomyomas have been shown to respond to therapy with mTOR inhibitors, and vascular tumors in infants may be treated with antiangiogenic therapy, such as corticosteroids or interferon-α.99,112 Very little data are available on chemotherapy or radiation in children with cardiac sarcomas These therapies generally do not appear efficacious.1,130 Annotated References Isaacs H Fetal and neonatal cardiac tumors Pediatr Cardiol 2004;25(3):252–273 This meta-analysis offers a highly detailed and comprehensive overview of fetal and neonatal cardiac tumors, compiling data from 224 fetuses, stillborns, and neonates Shi L, Wu L, Fang H, et al Identification and clinical course of 166 pediatric cardiac tumors Eur J Pediatr 2017;176(2):253–260 Large multicenter experience of 158 patients with primary cardiac tumors diagnosed at four Chinese hospitals over 16 years, with descriptions of presenting symptoms and clinical manifestations, as well as surgical outcomes in 49 patients with benign primary tumors Miyake CY, Del Nido PJ, Alexander ME, et al Cardiac tumors and associated arrhythmias in pediatric patients, with observations on surgical therapy for ventricular tachycardia J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58(18):1903–1909 Large single-center experience of 173 patients compiled over 42 years Although the emphasis is on arrhythmogenic burden of tumors and response to medical and surgical management, there is important insight into the overall incidence of tumors, presenting signs and symptoms, and surgical results for all indications Padalino MA, Vida VL, Boccuzzo G, et al Surgery for primary cardiac tumors in children early and late results in a multicenter European congenital heart surgeons association study Circulation 2012;126(1):22–30 Large multicenter analysis of surgical indications and results in 89 primary cardiac tumor cases, with an overall early and late mortality rate of 4.5% for all patients If only benign tumors were considered, early mortality decreased to 2.4% Linnemeier L, Benneyworth BD, Turrentine M, Rodefeld M, Brown J Pediatric cardiac tumors: a 45-year, single-institution review World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2015;6(2):215– 219 Single-center experience of 30 surgical cases over 45 years In this series the mortality for malignant tumors was 37% Jozwiak S, Kotulska K, Kasprzyk-Obara J, et al Clinical and genotype studies of cardiac tumors in 154 patients with tuberous sclerosis complex Pediatrics 2006;118(4):e1146–e1151 Rhabdomyomas are the most common primary ... cardiac tumors, compiling data from 224 fetuses, stillborns, and neonates Shi L, Wu L, Fang H, et al Identification and clinical course of 166 pediatric cardiac tumors Eur J Pediatr 2017;176(2):253–260 Large multicenter experience of 158 patients with... 49 patients with benign primary tumors Miyake CY, Del Nido PJ, Alexander ME, et al Cardiac tumors and associated arrhythmias in pediatric patients, with observations on surgical therapy for ventricular tachycardia J Am Coll... considered, early mortality decreased to 2.4% Linnemeier L, Benneyworth BD, Turrentine M, Rodefeld M, Brown J Pediatric cardiac tumors: a 45-year, single-institution review World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg