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FIG 67.10 Kaplan-Meier survival curve out to 25 years after heart transplantation in childhood stratified by age at the time of transplantation (From the registry of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation J Heart Lung Transplant 2016;35(10):1185–1195.) FIG 67.11 Conditional Kaplan-Meier survival, conditional on survival to 1 year subsequent to heart transplantation, stratified by age at transplantation (From the registry of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation J Heart Lung Transplant 2016;35(10):1185–1195.) FIG 67.12 Conditional Kaplan-Meier survival conditional on survival to 1 year after heart transplantation for the most recent era from 2004 to 2014 stratified by age at transplantation (From the registry of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation J Heart Lung Transplant 2016;35(10):1185–1195.) Looking more closely at the effect of era, significant improvements in survival continue to be noted, primarily related to a reduction in mortality immediately subsequent to transplantation (see Fig 67.9) Conditional survival for the different age groups within the period from 2004 to 2014 amplifies the difference between infants, children, and adolescents, with infants and children having a conditional survival at 10 years of 83%, whereas the survival of adolescents is approximately 65% (see Fig 67.12) The diagnosis before transplantation also modifies survival There is a significantly higher early mortality for patients with congenital heart disease versus those transplanted for cardiomyopathy, and this is true across all age groups.2 Posttransplant outcomes for patients bridged with VAD support are equivalent to outcomes without mechanical support in the current era and significantly better than outcomes for patients bridged with ECMO support2,9 (Fig 67.13)