by vascular insufficiency, 223 –224 Acquired syphilis, 442 Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 463 Acromioclavicular (AC) joint, 283 injuries, 1177 and clavicle fractures, 1177 –1181 clinical assessment, 1179 –1180 clinical recognition, 1178 –1179 disposition, 1181 management, 1180 –1181 Rockwood classification of, 1179 t treatment goals, 1177 –1178 Acropustulosis of infancy, 445 Activated charcoal, 1036 , 1036 t, 1040 , 1047 Acute ataxia, 896 Acute bacterial adenitis, 308 Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABR), 1322 Acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE), 294 Acute brachial plexus injuries, 286 Acute cerebellitis, 107 –108 Acute cervical adenopathy, 307 Acute concussion evaluation (ACE) tools, 1258 Acute contact dermatitis, 440 Acute diplopia, causes of, 189 t Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 107 , 120 , 892 Acute dystonia, 897 Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), 250 , 558 Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), 250 –251 Acute gastroenteritis (AGE), 554 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), 454 Acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS), 610 –611 , 611 t, 612 f Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy, 463 –464 Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, 893 Acute hydrocephalus See Hydrocephalus, acute Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy (AIDP), 558 Acute intermittent porphyria, 558 Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), 984 Acute intestinal obstruction See Intestinal obstruction, acute Acute life-threatening events (ALTE), 102 , 103 t Acute liver failure, 292 , 737 –739 Acute lymphadenitis, 318 , 1349 , 1349 f Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 306 Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), 350 , 1315 –1316 Acute otitis externa, 338 Acute otitis media (AOM), 390 –392 , 1319 antibiotic-resistant organisms, 1321 antibiotic treatment of, 391 –392 , 392 t clinical assessment, 1320 clinical recognition, 1320 complications of, 392 evidences, 1319 –1320 external meatus, 1320 f facial nerve paralysis, 1322 management, 1321 –1322 right tympanic membrane, 1321 f treatment goals, 1319 treatment of, 1319 , 1321 t triage considerations, 1320 tympanic membrane, 1320 tympanostomy tube placement, 392 Acute pericarditis, 613 –614 Acute polyneuritis, 894 –895 Acute postinfectious cerebellar ataxia (APCA), 107 , 896 Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), 982 –983 Acute radiation syndrome, 702 t Acute respiratory failure, 936 –940 , 937 t–939 t Acute rheumatic fever, 302 , 426 , 528 , 614 Acute salt wasting crisis, 665 Acute spinal cord compression, 894 Acute vesiculobullous diseases, 446 t Acute viral hepatitis clinical recognition, 740 –741 emergency therapy, goals of, 740 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 742 initial assessment, 740 management/diagnostic testing, 741 –742 , 741 f triage, 740 Acute viral myositis, 558 Acyclovir, 81 t Addison disease, 352 , 465 , 570 Addisonian crisis, 653 Adenosine, 55 t Adenovirus, 307 , 572 Adjunctive agents, for intubation, 40 Adjustable pressure-limiting (APL) valve, 50 Adjustment disorder, 97 Adnexal torsion, 757 –758 Adolescent psychosis, acute, management guidelines, 1444 t Adrenal insufficiency, 653 , 662 , 664 , 667 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 121 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocols, 1276 Afebrile child, 516 –517 Afferent pupillary defect (APD) See Marcus Gunn pupil African trypanosomiasis, 846 Aganglionic megacolon, 1304 –1305 Aggression/agitation, in childhood, 94 –100 adjustment disorder and, 97 anxiety disorders and, 97 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and, 97 autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and, 97 –98 conduct disorder and, 97 delirium and, 94 , 96 t depression and, 95 –96 developmental disabilities and, 97 –98 differential diagnosis, 95 t differentiating medical from psychiatric illness, 95 t medical conditions, 94 psychiatric conditions, 94 –98 evaluation and decision disposition, 99 –100 , 100 f general approach/initial stabilization, 98 history of present illness (HPI), 98 medical conditions, 98 , 98 t mental status examination (MSE), 98 –99 nature of affect, 99 psychiatric, 98 –99 suicidal or homicidal ideation and intent, presence or absence of, 99 of support systems, 99 thought content, 99 intermittent explosive disorder and, 97 manic/mixed episodes and, 96 –97 , 97 t oppositional defiant disorder and, 97 psychotic disorders and, 94 –95 toxicologic ingestion/withdrawal leading to, 94 , 96 t trauma and, 97 Agitated or violent behavior assessing and predicting, 1431 t calming techniques, 1431 t clinical recognition, 1430 disposition, 1433 –1434 emergency medications, 1433 t initial assessment, 1431 medical and physical strategies, 1432 –1433 rapid tranquilization, 1432 treatment goals for, 1430 –1434 triage, 1430 –1431 verbal de-escalation techniques, 1431 –1432 , 1431 t Air trapping, 487 Airway, breathing, circulation, and disability (ABCDs) assessment, 44 , 1030 , 1032 Airway(s) alternative modalities, 34 –36 high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) devices, 35 , 35 t noninvasive ventilation, 35 –36 anatomic/physiologic differences in infant/child and adult, 479 t compromise, 1405 –1407 , 1405 t emergency therapy, goals of, 34 ... 894 Acute vesiculobullous diseases, 446 t Acute viral hepatitis clinical recognition, 740 –741 emergency therapy, goals of, 740 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 742 initial assessment, 740 management/diagnostic... predicting, 1431 t calming techniques, 1431 t clinical recognition, 1430 disposition, 1433 –1434 emergency medications, 1433 t initial assessment, 1431 medical and physical strategies, 1432 –1433... anatomic/physiologic differences in infant/child and adult, 479 t compromise, 1405 –1407 , 1405 t emergency therapy, goals of, 34