meconium syndromes, 31e small bowel atresia and stenosis, 30e –31e malrotation and volvulus clinical considerations, 29e evidences, 29e treatment, 9e necrotizing enterocolitis, 32e umbilical cord anomalies, 34e –37e appearance, 33e –35e granuloma, 34e omphalitis, 35e omphalomesenteric duct remnants, 35e treatment, 33e urachal anomalies, 34e Abdominal injuries, 1092 Abdominal masses adrenal, 36e hepatic, 36e pelvic, 36e renal, 35e treatment, 35e Abdominal migraine, 886 Abdominal pain, 562 abdominal surgery and, 357 –358 acute, 354 , 355 t–356 t, 357 f, 358 , 359 f cholecystitis and, 358 chronic or recurrent, 359 –360 colicky, 358 –359 differential diagnosis, 354 –356 etiologies, 354 evaluation and decision, 356 –360 fever and, 359 focal tenderness and, 358 functional, 356 infectious mononucleosis and, 358 from ketoacidosis, 358 Meckel diverticulum and, 358 palpable mass and, 358 pancreatitis and, 358 pathophysiology, 354 with peritoneal signs, 358 postpubertal female with, 360 in setting of major trauma, 356 –357 streptococcal pharyngitis and, 358 Abdominal trauma, 629 –632 , 1084 –1087 abdominal CT scan, indications for, 1087 air bag injuries, 1092 –1093 approach, to pediatric patient, 1084 –1087 blunt, 1089 –1091 abdominal computed tomography, 1089 f–1090 f abdominal wall contusions, 1089 hollow abdominal viscera injuries, 1091 late presentations of intra-abdominal trauma, 1091 liver trauma, 1090 management of, 1086 f pancreatic injuries, 1090 –1091 solid organ injuries, 1089 –1090 treatment goals, 1089 child abuse, 1092 –1093 clinical assessment of, 1085 clinical recognition, 1084 –1085 computed tomographic scan, indications, 1087 t, 1089 f–1090 f diagnostic imaging for, 1087 –1088 digital rectal examination, 1085 emergency care, goals of, 1084 evidences of, 1084 focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST), 1087 intramural duodenal hematoma, 1091 laboratory assessment of, 1085 lap and shoulder belt injuries, 1092 –1093 , 1092 f–1093 f laparoscopy/laparotomy for emergent vs selective, 1088 –1089 indications for immediate, 1088 t management of, 1085 –1087 basic principles of, 1085 –1087 initial evaluation and treatment, 1085 f stable patient, 1087 of unstable patient, 1087 penetrating, 1091 –1092 goals of treatment, 1091 gunshot wounds, 1091 –1092 management of, 1088 f stab wounds, 1092 treatment goals, 1084 triage considerations, 1085 Abdominal wall contusions, 1089 Abdominal wall defects, 1310 –1312 epiploceles (epigastric hernias), 1310 hydroceles, 1310 inguinal hernia, 1310 omphalomesenteric duct remnants, 1310 –1311 , 1311 f peritonitis, 1303 f prior abdominal surgery, 1303 f umbilical hernias, 1310 urachus persists, after birth, 1311 –1312 Abnormal stool acholic stool, 35e allergic enteropathy, 35e hematochezia and melena, 35e treatment, 35e Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), 536 , 538 –539 Abscess(es), 1295 f brain, 1389 dental emergencies, 1313 –1314 neck clinical recognition, 1327 diagnostic testing, 1327 –1328 discharge/admission, clinical indications, 1328 evidences, 1327 initial assessment, 1327 management, 1327 –1328 pre-vertebral swelling, 1326 f treatment goals, 1327 triage considerations, 1327 perforated appendicitis, 1295 f peritonsillar, 1323 –1325 spinal epidural, 1388 Absolute hypovolemia, 73 –74 Abusive abdominal trauma, 629 –633 , 630 f–632 f Abusive fractures, 627 Abusive head trauma, 627 –629 , 628 f Accessory auricles, 1346 Accidental hypothermia clinical recognition, 692 cold-induced vasoconstriction, 691 indications for admission and discharge, 694 initial assessment, 692 management and diagnostic studies, 693 –694 rewarming strategies, 694 , 694 f treatment, goals of, 691 triage considerations, 692 Accountable care, Acetaminophen, 203 toxicity, 293 , 1041 –1043 , 1043 f Acetaminophen, pain control, 1316 Acetazolamide (Diamox), 888 Achromobacter xylosoxidans , 946 Acid–base abnormalities, 502 Acid caustics, 1058 –1061 Acquired aplastic anemia, 419 Acquired autoimmune bullous disorders, 445 , 449 t Acquired glaucoma, 174 Acquired heart disease, 611 –612 Acquired sensorineural hearing loss, 222 –224 from acoustic trauma, 224 by acute infection, 222 –223 from head trauma, 224 perilymphatic fistula and, 224 ... , 1084 –1087 abdominal CT scan, indications for, 1087 air bag injuries, 1092 –1093 approach, to pediatric patient, 1084 –1087 blunt, 1089 –1091 abdominal computed tomography, 1089 f–1090 f abdominal... indications, 1087 t, 1089 f–1090 f diagnostic imaging for, 1087 –1088 digital rectal examination, 1085 emergency care, goals of, 1084 evidences of, 1084 focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST),