Artificial airway for obstructed airway Supplemental oxygen for damaged alveoli Control intracranial pressure by hyperventilation Provide tracheopulmonary toilet Provide positive endexpiratory pressure to increase lung volume Needle Emergent artificial airway cricothyroidotomy required to sustain life, upper airway obstruction cannot otherwise be relieved, tracheostomy cannot be immediately performed Tracheostomy Emergent artificial airway required to sustain life, upper airway obstruction cannot be relieved by endotracheal intubation Thoracentesis Evacuation pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, hemothorax, drainage pleural effusion, empyema Thoracostomy Evacuate, prevent reaccumulation pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, hemothorax, effusion, empyema Pericardiocentesis Relieve tamponade: effusion, Temporizing measure, tracheostomy to follow immediately Should be performed in operating room by experienced physician Pigtail or chest tube placement to follow immediately or performed instead Thoracentesis first if pigtail/chest tube cannot be placed immediately in life-threatening situation Improve cardiac output