TABLE 91.8 SEROLOGIC CHANGES IN HEPATITIS Test Antigen/antibody Interpretation HBsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen Detection of acute or chronic infection Not present after vaccine Anti-HBs Antibody to HBsAg HBeAg Resolved infection with HBV or immunocompetent vaccinated Hepatitis B e antigen Detects HBV infection with increased risk of transmission Anti-HBe Antibody to HBeAg Detects HBV infection with decreased risk of transmission Anti-HBc Antibody to HBV core antigen Detects acute, resolved, or chronic HBV infection Not present after immunization IgM anti-HBc IgM antibody to HBV Identifies acute or recent HBV core antigen infection (within past mo) HBV DNA by PCR Amplified HBV DNA Detects virus in blood or liver tissues Indicates ongoing infection HCAb Hepatitis C antibody Detects Chronic HCV infection, if positive confirm with HCV RNA quantitative PCR From http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/pdfs/serologicchartv8.pdf http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/pdfs/hcv_graph.pdf For infants who are having frequent regurgitation episodes without any apparent complications, no treatment is required and the emphasis should be on parental education and reassurance For those infants where treatment is desired, the focus should be on smaller, more frequent meals, thickening feeds, and appropriate positioning Those with a milk protein allergy may benefit from more aggressive lifestyle changes Unfortunately, antireflux medications have not been shown to be beneficial in infancy, and are not recommended An example of thickening would be to add one teaspoon of thickening cereal to oz of formula It is important to know that there is an