Coe JY, Olley PM A novel method to maintain ductus arteriosus patency J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:837–841 Gewillig M, Boshoff DE, Dens J, Mertens L, Benson LN Stenting the neonatal arterial duct in duct-dependent pulmonary circulation: new techniques, better results J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:107–112 Alwi M, Choo KK, Latiff HA, et al Initial results and medium-term follow-up of stent implantation of patent ductus arteriosus in ductdependent pulmonary circulation J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:438–445 Santoro G, Gaio G, Giugno L, et al Ten-years, single-center experience with arterial duct stenting in duct-dependent pulmonary circulation: early results, learning-curve changes, and mid-term outcome Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015;86:249–257 Techniques of nonpharmacologic methods to maintain ductal patency have attended prominence in treatment strategies for the infant with ductal dependent pulmonary or systemic blood flow These reports discuss the implantation of endovascular stents to palliate such lesions Mason CA, Bigras JL, O'Blenes SB, et al Gene transfer in utero biologically engineers a patent ductus arteriosus in lambs by arresting fibronectin-dependent neointimal formation Nat Med 1991;5:176–182 Humpl T, Zaidi SH, Coe JY, et al Gene transfer of prostaglandin synthase maintains patency of the newborn lamb arterial duct Pediatr Res 2005;58:976–980 These two reports apply molecular methods developed from an understanding of ductal vascular biology to maintain ductal patency Although neither has attended clinical application, research following these approaches will improve our methods to control ductal patency References Siegal RE Galen's experiments and observations on pulmonary blood flow and respiration Am J Cardiol 1962;10:738–745 Franklin KJ Ductus venosus (Arantii) and ductus arteriosus (Botalli) Bull Hist Med 1941;9:580–584 Norman JM Morton's History of Medicine and Biology 5th ed 1994 www.historyofmedicine.com Harvey W Exercitatio Anatomica De Motu Cordis Et Sanguinis in Animalibus Francofurti: Fitzeri; 1628 Highmore N Corporis Humani Herapyron Anatomica Hagae-Comitis, Ex Officina Sammuelis Brown: Bibliopolae Anglici; 1651 Dawes G Physiological changes in the circulation after birth Fishman AF, Richards DW Circulation of the Blood, Men and Ideas American Physiological Society: Bethesda, MD; 1982:743–816 Virchow R Die thrombosen der neugeboren Gesamnelte Abhandlunger Zur Wissenschafthchen Medicin Maidinger Frankfurt; 1856:591