TABLE 56.2 COMMON CAUSES OF DYSPHAGIA Newborn/infant Prematurity Tracheoesophageal fistula Choanal stenosis/atresia Birth trauma Congenital abnormalities Gastroesophageal reflux Respiratory illness Neurologic/neuromuscular disease Infectious (botulism, candidiasis, herpetic esophagitis) Inflammatory Child Foreign-body aspiration/ingestion Caustic ingestion Infectious Ingestions (neuroleptic-induced dystonic reaction) Neurologic impairment (cerebral palsy, mental retardation, head trauma) Inflammatory