12 yrs Trauma Appendicitis Megacolon (from inflammatory bowel disease) Peptic ulcer disease (with perforation) Trauma Ectopic pregnancy Appendicitis Severe gastroenteritis Incarcerated hernia Incarcerated hernia Meckel diverticulum Peritonitis (primary or secondary) Hirschsprung disease Obstruction secondary to prior abdominal surgery Peritonitis (i.e., primary, nephrosis) Aortic aneurysm Acute, fulminant hepatitis Megacolon (from inflammatory bowel disease) Aortic aneurysm Acute fulminant hepatitis Toxic overdose a Toxic overdose a Collagen vascular disease Appendicitis Malignancy (e.g., Wilms tumor) Necrotizing enterocolitis Nonabdominal Heart disease (myocarditis, Intra-abdominal abscess secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease, cholecystitis, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease Peptic ulcer disease— bleeding or perforation Pancreatitis