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Cote AJ, Payot A, Gaucher N Palliative care in the pediatric emergency department: findings from a qualitative study Ann Emerg Med 2019;74:481–490 Himelstein BP, Hilden JM, Boldt AM, et al Pediatric palliative care N Engl J Med 2004;350:1752–1762 Mack JW, Wolfe J Early integration of pediatric palliative care: for some children, palliative care starts at diagnosis Curr Opin Pediatr 2006;18:10–14 Moore D, Sheetz J Pediatric palliative care consultation Pediatr Clin North Am 2014;61:735–747 https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/sepsis-emergent-care-clinical-pathway https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/sepsis-emergent-care-clinical-pathway CHAPTER 99 ■ PULMONARY EMERGENCIES KYLE A NELSON, ALEXANDER W HIRSCH, JOSHUA NAGLER GOALS OF EMERGENCY THERAPY Pulmonary emergencies are common in children, accounting for approximately 10% of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits and 20% of hospitalizations Significant respiratory distress, particularly impending respiratory failure, must be promptly recognized and effectively managed General approaches to improve oxygenation and ventilation are combined with therapy tailored to the underlying condition The differential diagnosis varies by age, with many conditions unique to specific pediatric age groups National guidelines are published for evaluation and management of asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, which have informed local clinical practice guidelines and development of measurable outcomes reflecting quality of care KEY POINTS An age-appropriate differential diagnosis must be considered when managing respiratory distress Normal vital sign ranges vary according to the age of the child Children with severe respiratory distress may rapidly decompensate and progress to respiratory failure RELATED CHAPTERS Signs and Symptoms Airway: Chapter Cough: Chapter 19 Cyanosis: Chapter 21 Foreign Body: Ingestion and Aspiration: Chapter 32 Pain: Chest: Chapter 55 Stridor: Chapter 75 Wheezing: Chapter 84 Medical, Surgical, and Trauma Emergencies Allergic Emergencies: Chapter 85 Thoracic Trauma: Chapter 115 Thoracic Emergencies: Chapter 124 The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Clinical Pathways ED Pathway for Evaluation/Treatment of Children With Asthma URL: https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/asthma-emergent-careclinical-pathway Authors: J Zorc, MD; R Scarfone, MD; A Reardon, CRNP; N Stroebel, CRNP; W Frankenberger, RN; L Tyler, RT; D Simpkins, RT; R Abaya, MD; E Delgado, MD; E Brill, RN Posted: October 2005, last revised March 2020 ED Pathway for Evaluation/Treatment of Children With Bronchiolitis URL: https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/bronchiolitis-emergentevaluation-clinical-pathway Authors: R Abaya, MD; K Crescenzo, RN; E Delgado, MD; M Dunn, MD; M Kerrigan RRT; N Muthu, MD; C Nelson, MD; A Reardon, CRNP; B Rodio, RN; N Strobel, CRNP; D Simpkins, RRT; L Tyler, RRT; J Zorc, MD Posted: September 2005, last revised December 2019 Pneumonia URL : https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/pneumonia-communityacquired-clinical-pathway Authors: J Gerber, MD, PhD; T Metjian, Pharm D; M Siddharth, MD; D Davis, MD; MSCE, T Florin, MD; J Zorc, MD; T Kaur, MD; T Blinman, MD; D Mong, MD; X Bateman, CRNP; E Pete Devon, MD; Ron Keren, MD, MPH; L Bell, MD; L Utidjian, MD; E Moxey, RN, MPH Posted: September 2012, last revised December 2019 ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE CLINICAL PEARLS AND PITFALLS ... ALEXANDER W HIRSCH, JOSHUA NAGLER GOALS OF EMERGENCY THERAPY Pulmonary emergencies are common in children, accounting for approximately 10% of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits and 20%... underlying condition The differential diagnosis varies by age, with many conditions unique to specific pediatric age groups National guidelines are published for evaluation and management of asthma,