TABLE 10.7 AGE-SPECIFIC VITAL SIGN TARGETS Several non- or minimally invasive monitoring devices are available to further assess volume status, cardiac output, and tissue perfusion Bedside echocardiography (commonly referred to as cardiac ultrasound in the hands of a noncardiologist) to serially measure IVC diameter and collapsibility, aortic blood flow peak velocity (ΔVpeak ), and right ventricular diameter has been associated with overall volume status and can predict clinical responsiveness to subsequent volume loading Although cardiac ultrasound is increasingly available, results are prone to individual provider variability More objective devices are available that use pulse contour analysis to calculate cardiac output based on the relationship between blood pressure, stroke volume, arterial compliance, and SVR However, these devices require placement of an arterial catheter, which limits their use for initial resuscitation Other devices that measure bioimpedance, which is the change in voltage of a current applied across the thorax, are available to estimate cardiac output without an arterial catheter, though pediatric experience remains limited Cutaneous near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures venous-weighted oxyhemoglobin saturation in an underlying tissue bed (e.g., renal, splanchnic,