Easter JS, Bakes K, Dhaliwal J, et al Comparison of PECARN, CATCH, and CHALICE rules for children with minor head injury: a prospective cohort study Ann Emerg Med 2014;64(2):145–152, 152.e1–e5 Giza CC, Kutcher JS, Ashwal S, et al Summary of evidence-based guideline update: evaluation and management of concussion in sports: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology 2013;80(24):2250–2257 Holmes JF, Palchak MJ, MacFarlane T, et al Performance of the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale in children with blunt head trauma Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:814–819 Keightley ML, Chen JK, Ptito A Examining the neural impact of pediatric concussion: a scoping review of multimodal and integrative approaches using functional and structural MRI techniques Curr Opin Pediatr 2012;24(6);709–716 Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review BMJ 2008;337:a1518 Kochanek PM, Carney N, Adelson PD, et al Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents—second edition Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012;13(Suppl 1):S1–S82 Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS, et al Identification of children at very low risk of clinically important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study Lancet 2009;374(9696):1160–1170 Mannix R, Monuteaux MC, Schutzman SA, et al Isolated skull fractures: trends in management in US pediatric emergency departments Ann Emerg Med 2013;62(4):327–331 Mataro M, Poco MA, Sahuquillo J, et al Neuropsychological outcome in relation to the Traumatic Coma Data Bank classification of CT imaging J Neurotrauma 2001;18(9):869–879 McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Dvor ˇ ák J, et al Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016 Br J Sports Med 2017;51(11):838– 847 Missios S, Quebada PB, Forero JA, et al Quick-brain magnetic resonance imaging for non-hydrocephalus indications J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008;2:438–444 National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center The 2004 Annual Statistical Report for the Model Spinal Cord Injury Care Systems Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama; 2004 Osmond MH, Klassen TP, Wells GA, et al CATCH: a clinical decision rule for the use of computed tomography in children with minor head injury CMAJ 2010;182(4):341–348 Parent S, Mac-Thiong JM, Roy-Beaudry M, et al Spinal cord injury in the pediatric population: a systematic review of the literature J Neurotrauma 2011;28:1515–1524 Parri N, Crosby BJ, Glass C, et al Ability of emergency ultrasonography to detect pediatric skull fractures: a prospective, observational study J Emerg Med 2013;44(1):135–141 Riera A, Chen L Ultrasound evaluation of skull fractures in children: a feasibility study Pediatr Emerg Care 2012;28:420–425 Sarmiento K, Thomas KE, Daugherty J, et al Emergency department visits for sports- and recreation-related traumatic brain injuries among children —United States, 2010–2016 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68(10):237–242 Schutzman SA, Barnes P, Duhaime AC, et al Evaluation and management of children younger than two years old with apparently minor head trauma: proposed guideline Pediatrics 2001;107(5):983–993 Szaflarski JP, Sangha KS, Lindsell CJ, et al Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis Neurocrit Care 2010;12(2):165–172 Tasker RC, Vonberg FW, Ulano ED, et al Updating evidence for using hypothermia in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury: conventional and Bayesian meta-analytic perspectives Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017;18(4):355–362 Teasdale G, Jennett B Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness A practical scale Lancet 1974;2(7872):81–84 Wood JN, Christian CW, Adams CM, et al Skeletal surveys in infants with isolated skull fractures Pediatrics 2009;123(2):e247–e252 Zuckerbraun NS, Atabaki S, Collins MW, et al Use of modified acute concussion evaluation tools in the emergency department Pediatrics 2014;133(4):635–642 See additional CHOP Pathway at https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/head-trauma-acutemodified-vestibular-oculomotor-screening-examination-concussion CHAPTER 114 ■ OCULAR TRAUMA KENNETH A MICHELSON, ANKOOR S SHAH GOALS OF EMERGENCY CARE The clinical evaluation of children with eye trauma should focus on the prompt recognition of the most severe eye injuries without causing additional damage to the eye, and the initiation of timely ophthalmology consultation The most important goal is to mobilize quickly any necessary resources needed to preserve vision ( Table 114.1 ) A secondary goal is identification and treatment of minor ocular injuries KEY POINTS Prioritize and stabilize airway, breathing, and circulation—the management of life-threatening injuries must be prioritized over any eye injury, and the proximity of vital structures of the airway and the intracranial vasculature require all practitioners to consider this before assessing the eye The first step in the examination of the traumatized eye should be to assess the visual acuity of both the injured and the unaffected eye Ensure the structural integrity of the eye quickly and rule out the presence of an open-globe injury RELATED CHAPTERS Signs and Symptoms Eye: Red Eye: Chapter 27 Eye: Strabismus: Chapter 28 Eye: Unequal Pupils: Chapter 29 Eye: Visual Disturbances: Chapter 30 Medical, Surgical, and Trauma Emergencies Child Abuse/Assault: Chapter 87 Neurotrauma: Chapter 113 Ophthalmic Emergencies: Chapter 123 ... injury in the pediatric population: a systematic review of the literature J Neurotrauma 2011;28:1515–1524 Parri N, Crosby BJ, Glass C, et al Ability of emergency ultrasonography to detect pediatric. .. isolated skull fractures Pediatrics 2009;123(2):e247–e252 Zuckerbraun NS, Atabaki S, Collins MW, et al Use of modified acute concussion evaluation tools in the emergency department Pediatrics 2014;133(4):635–642... management of children younger than two years old with apparently minor head trauma: proposed guideline Pediatrics 2001;107(5):983–993 Szaflarski JP, Sangha KS, Lindsell CJ, et al Prospective, randomized,