TABLE 16.1 BREAST ENLARGEMENT/MASSES I Inflammatory conditions A Cellulitis and mastitis B Breast abscess II Noninflammatory conditions A Infancy Physiologic hypertrophy Tumor (rare) B Childhood Premature thelarche Precocious puberty Prepubertal gynecomastia (male) Malignancy (rare) C Adolescence Male a Postpubertal (physiologic) gynecomastia b Exogenous hormonal stimulation c Drug exposure i Phenothiazines ii Opiates iii Cannabis (tetrahydrocannabinol) iv Anabolic steroids v Antiretroviral therapy vi Tricyclic antidepressants vii Calcium channel blockers or digoxin d Endocrinopathy e Nipple cyst f Malignancy (rare) Female a Isolated, benign cyst b Fibroadenoma c Fibrocystic disease d Juvenile hypertrophy e Hematoma/fat necrosis (posttraumatic) f Papillomatosis g Cystosarcoma phyllodes and other cancers (rare)