FIGURE 9.13 Broselow tape for determining drug dosage schedule based on patient length A: Placement of tape B: Equipment size and drug dosage schedule printed on tape Alternative Routes of Medication Administration IV administration, including IO, is the preferred route for medications However, the pulmonary bed provides a surface for absorption of lipid-soluble drugs and can be used if vascular access is unavailable Currently, lidocaine, epinephrine, atropine, and naloxone (LEAN) can be used via this route The optimal drug dosage remains unknown as absorption varies widely due to its dependence on pulmonary blood flow Animal studies have shown that standard doses of epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg) achieve serum levels that are approximately 10% of those achieved by the intravascular route Thus, the recommended dose of