necessary to determine the optimal means of using simulation to improve clinical outcomes in the PED during TI ALTERNATIVES TO ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION In considering airway management in pediatric patients, clinicians should evaluate whether there are alternative modalities to support a patient This is particularly true for patients in whom the primary indication for ventilatory support is hypoxic or hypercarbic respiratory failure or in patients predicted to have difficult airways In such cases, high-flow nasal cannula or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) might be considered