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quality metrics focus on time to initiation of antibiotic therapy for these patients Significant hematologic findings of unknown etiology require thorough evaluation, especially where necessary therapies may obscure the underlying diagnosis or impede later diagnostic testing Hematologic emergencies arise in children who have been previously well, who have known blood disorders, or who have systemic disease Initial measures of support, diagnosis, and treatment are based on general principles that often not require a definitive diagnosis to initiate management KEY POINTS ... EMERGENCIES STACY E CROTEAU, ERIC W FLEEGLER, MARISA B BRETT-FLEEGLER GOALS OF EMERGENCY THERAPY The management of pediatric hematologic emergencies is directed toward immediate stabilization of... common vulvar disorders in children Endocr Dev 2012;22:72–83 Van Eyk N, Allen L, Giesbrecht E, et al Pediatric vulvovaginal disorders: a diagnostic approach and review of the literature J Obstet Gynaecol... Emans SJ Vulvovaginal problems in the prepubertal child In: Emans SJ, Laufer MR, Goldstein DP, eds Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 6th ed Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012:42–59