Multimedia Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Syed Mahbubur Rahman Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA Volume I InformatIon ScIence reference Hershey • New York Acquisitions Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Kristin Roth Jennifer Neidig Jamie Snavely Michael Brehm, Jeff Ash, Carole Coulson, Elizabeth Duke, Chris Hrobak, Sean Woznicki Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2008 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Multimedia technologies : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications / Syed Mahbubur Rahman, editor p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Summary: "This book offers an in-depth explanation of multimedia technologies within their many specific application areas as well as presenting developing trends for the future" Provided by publisher ISBN 978-1-59904-953-3 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-59904-954-0 (ebook) Multimedia systems Multimedia communications I Syed, Mahbubur Rahman, 1952QA76.575.M5218 2008 006.7 dc22 2008021157 If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication Editor-in-Chief Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, DBA Editor-in-Chief Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology, Book Series Associate Editors Steve Clarke University of Hull, UK Murray E Jennex San Diego State University, USA Annie Becker Florida Institute of Technology USA Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko University of Tampere, Finland Editorial Advisory Board Sherif Kamel American University in Cairo, Egypt In Lee Western Illinois University, USA Jerzy Kisielnicki Warsaw University, Poland Keng Siau University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Amar Gupta Arizona University, USA Craig van Slyke University of Central Florida, USA John Wang Montclair State University, USA Vishanth Weerakkody Brunel University, UK Additional Research Collections found in the “Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology” Book Series Data Mining and Warehousing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications John Wang, Montclair University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-951-9 Electronic Commerce: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications S Ann Becker, Florida Institute of Technology, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-943-4 Electronic Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-947-2 End-User Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Steve Clarke, University of Hull, UK • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-945-8 Global Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Felix Tan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-939-7 Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Craig Van Slyke, University of Central Florida, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-949-6 Information Security and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Hamid Nemati, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-937-3 Intelligent Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Vijayan Sugumaran, Oakland University, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-941-0 Knowledge Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Murray E Jennex, San Diego State University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-933-5 Multimedia Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Syad Mahbubur Rahman, Minnesota State University, USA • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-953-3 Online and Distance Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Lawrence Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-935-9 Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-955-7 Free institution-wide online access with the purchase of a print collection! InformatIon ScIence reference Hershey • New York Order online at www.igi-global.com or call 717-533-8845 ext.10 Mon–Fri 8:30am–5:00 pm (est) or fax 24 hours a day 717-533-8661 List of Contributors Acevedo, Andrés Garay / Georgetown University, USA 731 Agnew, Palmer W / State University of New York at Binghamton, USA Ahmad, Ashraf / National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan 634 Ahn, Kyungmo / Kyunghee University, Korea 164 Alkhalifa, Eshaa M / University of Bahrain, Bahrain 465, 1209 Ally, Mohamed / Athabasca University, Canada 607 Almeida, Hyggo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472, 654 Altman, Edward / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 1113 Andres, Hayward P / Portland State University, USA 1233 Angelides, Marios C / Brunel University, UK 85, 233 Aref, Walid / Purdue University, USA 509 Arya, Ali / University of British Columbia, Canada 958 Atiquzzaman, Mohammed / University of Oklahoma, USA 615 Baek, Seung / Hanyang University, Korea 1377 Balram, Shivanand / Simon Fraser University, Canada 1193 Banerji, Ashok / Monisha Electronic Education Trust, India 1078 Bardají, Antonio Valdovinos / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478 Bellini, Pierfrancesco / University of Florence, Italy 1683 Bertolotto, Michela / University College Dublin, Ireland 1125 Bione, Heather / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398 Boll, Susanne / University of Oldenburg, Germany 325 Bouras, Christos / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece 500, 1781 Breiteneder, Christian / Vienna University of Technology, Austria 1600 Butcher-Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA 1069 Canalda, Philippe / University of Franche-Comté, France 1766 Cannell, Jeremy C / Gannon University, USA 1105 Carvalho, Paulo / Universidade Minho Braga, Portugal 1409 Cavallaro, Andrea / Queen Mary University of London, UK 1441, 1592 Charlet, Damien / INRIA-Rocquencourt (ARLES Project), France 1766 Chatonnay, Pascal / University of Franche-Comté, France 1766 Chen, Herng-Yow / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC 1058, 1174 Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA 77 Chen, Minya / Polytechnic University, USA 291 Chen, Sherry Y / Brunel University, UK 1476 Chen, Shu-Ching / Florida International University, USA 509, 1553 Chetan, Kumar S / NetDevices India Pvt Ltd, India 1399 Chung, Jen-Yao / IBM T.J Watson Research Center, USA 559 Cirrincione, Armando / SDA Bocconi School of Management, Italy 35 Connaughton, Stacey L / Purdue University, USA 1295 Cranley, Nicola / University College Dublin, Ireland 1491 Cruz, Isabel F / University of Illinois, Chicago, USA 848 Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, Ireland 590 Dagdilelis, Vassilios / University of Macedonia, Greece 898 Dagiuklas, Tasos / Technical Institute of Messolonghi, Greece 827 Davis, Craig / The Learning Community Group, USA 1286 de Gouveia, Fabricio Carvalho / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 1789 Deb, Sagarmay / University of Southern Queensland, Australia 268 Deltour, Romain / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705 Derballa, Volker / Universität Augsburg, Germany 1334 Deusdado, Sộrgio / Instituto Politộcnico de Braganỗa, Portugal 1409 DiMarco, John / Long Island University, USA 41 Dittmann, Jana / Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany 547 Dong, Chaoyan / New York University, USA 1248 Dong, Ming / Wayne State University, USA 1366 Dooley, Laurence S / Monash University, Australia 94 Dragicevic, Suzana / Simon Fraser University, Canada 1193 El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA 77 Fah, Cheong Loong / The National University of Singapore, Singapore 527 Fahy, Patrick J / Athabasca University, Canada 1088 Fotouhi, Farshad / Wayne State University, USA 1366 Gay, Robert / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 809 Geisler, S / University of Clausthal, Germany 223 Germanakos, Panagiotis / National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 1616 Ghafoor, Arif / Purdue University, USA 509 Ghinea, Gheorghita / Brunel University, UK 1476 Gjedde, Lisa / Danish University of Education, Denmark 390 Gkamas, Apostolos / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece 500, 1781 Goose, Stuart / Siemens Corporate Research Inc., USA 250 Grahn, Kaj J / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland 660 Grover, Akshay / Brigham Young University, USA 1344 Gu, Yaolin / Southern Yangtze University, China 809 Guerraz, Agnès / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705 Gulliver, Stephen R / Brunel University, UK 1262 Gunn, Jane / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398 Häkkilä, Jonna / Nokia Multimedia, Finland 151 Hamidzadeh, Babak / University of British Columbia, Canada 958 Hegarty, Kelsey / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398 Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA 216 Herbster, Raul Fernandes / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472 Hill, Sally Rao / University of Adelaide, Australia 194 Huang, Thomas S / University of Illinois, USA 1508 Hung, Jason C / Northern Taiwan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan 1643 Hurson, Ali R / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 580 Hüsemann, Bodo / Informationsfabrik GmbH, Münster, Germany 864 Ibrahim, Ismail Khalil / Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria 634 Iglesias, Álvaro Alesanco / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478 Illera, José L Rodríguez / University of Barcelona, Spain 985 Istepanian, Robert S H / Kingston University, UK 478 Jones, Kevin H / University of Oregon, USA 721 Joshi, James B D / University of Pittsburgh, USA 509 Kalliaras, Panagiotis / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 818, 998 Kan, Karen / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398 Kao, O / University of Paderborn, University of Paderborn 223 Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland 660 Karmakar, Gour C / Monash University, Australia 94 Kassim, Ashraf / The National University of Singapore, Singapore 527 Kawachi, Paul / Kurume Shin-Ai Women’s College, Japan 1156 Kellerman, Anne S / State University of New York at Binghamton, USA Keppell, Mike / Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong 398 Kerse, Ngaire / University of Auckland, New Zealand 398 Kim, Bong Jun / Korea Telecommunications (KT) Marketing Laboratory, Korea 1377 King, Ross / Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Austria 1749 Kiyoki, Yasushi / Keio University, Japan 279 Klas, Wolfgang / University of Vienna, Austria and ARC Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Vienna, Austria 364, 1749 Knight, David / Brunel University, UK 85 Kotsopoulos, Stavros / University of Patras, Greece 827 Koubaa, Hend / Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway 116 Koumaras, H / University of Athens, Greece 1392 Kourtis, A / N.C.S.R., Demokritos, Greece 1392 Krishnamurthy, E.V / Australian National University, Australia 976 Larkin, Jeff / Brigham Young University, USA 1344 Lassabe, Frédéric / University of Franche-Comté, France 1766 Ledermann, Florian / Vienna University of Technology, Austria 1600 Lesh, Neal / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA 1508 Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK 316, 793, 1534 Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 242, 1643 Li, Sheng-Tun / National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC 419 Lin, Chu-Hung / National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan 419 Lin, Chun Fu / Mississippi State University, USA 1668 Lin, Hao-Tung / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC 1174 Liotta, Antonio / University of Essex, UK 491 Liu, Jiang-Lung / National Defense University, Taiwan 1534 Liu, Kuo-Yu / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC 1058 Lopes, Pedro Faria / Higher Institute of Labour and Business Studies (ISCTE), Portugal 914 Lou, Der-Chyuan / National Defense University, Taiwan 1534 Lowry, Paul Benjamin / Brigham Young University, USA 1344 Madsen, Chris / Brigham Young University, USA 1344 Magalhães, João / Imperial College London, UK 880 Magedanz, Thomas / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 1789 Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy 1353 Mäntyjärvi, Jani / VTT Technical Centre of Finland, Finland 151 Martakos, D / University of Athens, Greece 1392 Mas, José Ruiz / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478 Mathew, Michael / Monash University, Australia 94 May, Michael / LearningLab DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 435 McArdle, Gavin / University College Dublin, Ireland 1125 Melliar-Smith, P.M / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA 1326 Memon, Nasir / Polytechnic University, USA 291 Messer, Louise Brearley / The University of Melbourne, Australia 398 Mikáč, Jan / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705 Mishra, Sanjaya / Indira Gandhi National Open University, India 1022 Mitchell, Mathew / University of San Francisco, USA 1181 Mittal, Ankush / IIT Roorkee, India and Indian Institute of Technology, India 527, 1113 Mittal, Nitin / Nokia Pte Ltd, Singapore 129 Moghaddam, Baback / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA 1508 Monahan, Teresa / University College Dublin, Ireland 1125 Morais, Marcos / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472 Moros, José García / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478 Moser, L.E / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA 1326 Mostéfaoui, Ghita Kouadri / University of Fribourg, Switzerland 1008 Mourlas, Constantinos / National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 1616 Murphy, Liam / University College Dublin, Ireland 1491 Murthy, V K / University of New South Wales, Australia 976 Nascimento, José Luís / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 654 Navajas, Julián Fernández / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478 Navarro, Eduardo Antonio Viruete / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478 Nepal, Surya / CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia 305, 1456 Nesi, Paolo / University of Florence, Italy Ng, Kia / University of Leeds, UK Nösekabel, Holger / University of Passau, Germany 1317 O’Connor, Vivienne / The University of Queensland, Australia 398 Okazaki, Shintaro / Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain 1311 Oliva, Michael / Royal College of Music, UK 942 Oredope, Adetola / University of Essex, UK 491 Pagalthivarthi, Krishnan V / IIT Delhi, India and Indian Institute of Technology, India 527, 1113 Pagani, Margherita / I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy, Bocconi University, Italy 182 Pallis, E / Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece 1392 Panjala, Shashidhar / Gannon University, USA 1105 Papageorgiou, P / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 998 Parmar, Minaz J / Brunel University, UK 233 Passerini, Katia / New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA 57 Perkusich, Angelo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 472, 654 Politis, Ilias / University of Patras, Greece 827 Pousttchi, Key / Universität Augsburg, Germany 1334 Prata, Alcina / Higher School of Management Sciences (ESCE), Portugal 914 Primpas, Dimitris / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic ComputerTechnology Institute, Greece 500, 1781 Proserpio, Luigi / Bocconi University, Italy 1353 Pulkkis, Göran / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland 660 Quek, Francis / Virginia Tech, USA 559 Ramos, Carolina Hernández / University of Zaragoza, Spain 478 Ratnaike, Viranga / Monash University, Australia 305 Rege, Manjeet / Wayne State University, USA 1366 Robbins, Christopher / Rhode Island School of Design, USA and The University of the South Pacific, Fiji 1031 Robins, William / Brigham Young University, USA 1344 Röckelein, Wolfgang / EMPRISE Consulting Düseldorf, Germany 1317 Roisin, Cécile / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France 705 Rowe, Neil C / U.S Naval Postgraduate School, USA 10 Rüger, Stefan / Imperial College London, UK 880 Santos, Danilo Freire de Souza / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 654 Sasaki, Hideyasu / Keio University, Japan 279 Sattar, Farook / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 770 Sayenko, Olga / University of Illinois, Chicago, USA 848 Scales, Glenda Rose / Virginia Tech, USA 1078 Schellner, Karin / ARC Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Vienna, Austria 364 Scherp, Ansgar / OFFIS Research Institute, Germany 325 Schipani, Danilo / Valdani Vicari & Associati, Italy 182 Schmucker, Martin / Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Germany 1707 Sharda, Nalin / Victoria University, Australia 1422 Sharma, Ramesh C / Indira Gandhi National Open University, India 1022 Shea, Timothy / University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA 1286 Shen, Chia / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA 1508 Sher, Muhammad / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 1789 Shih, Timothy K / Tamkang University, Taiwan 1643 Shim, J P / Mississippi State University, USA 164 Shim, Julie M / Soldier Design LLC, USA 164 Shyu, Mei-Ling / University of Miami, USA 509, 1553 Sircar, Ranapratap / Wipro Technologies, India 1399 Sivagurunathan, Surendra Kumar / University of Oklahoma, USA 615 Sotiriou, Athanasios-Dimitrios / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 818, 998 Spies, Franỗois / University of Franche-Comtộ, France 1766 ... Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Lawrence Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-935-9 Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and. .. Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Vijayan Sugumaran, Oakland University, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-941-0 Knowledge Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. .. Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Felix Tan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-939-7 Information Communication Technologies: