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THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE
ESSAYS ONTHEFUTUREOFTHE INTERNET
Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus
THE NEXTDIGITAL DECADE
ESSAYS ONTHEFUTUREOFTHE INTERNET
Berin Szoka
Adam Marcus
TECH
FREEDOM
This unique collection brings together 26 thought leaders onInternet
law, philosophy, policy and economics to consider what thenext
digital decade might bring. Has theInternet been good for our culture?
Is theInternet at risk from the drive to build more secure, but less
“open” systems and devices? Is theInternet really so “exceptional?”
Has it fundamentally changed economics? Who—and what ideas—
will govern the Net in 2020? Should online intermediaries like access
providers, hosting providers, search engines and social networks do
more to “police” their networks, increase transparency, or operate
“neutrally?” What future is there for privacy online? Can online free
speech be regulated? Can it really unseat tyrants? These 31 thought-
provoking essays tackle these questions and more. This book is
essential reading for anyone gazing toward thedigital future.
THE BEST THINKING ABOUT
THE FUTUREOFDIGITAL POLICY
CONTRIBUTORS
Rob Atkinson
Stewart Baker
Ann Bartow
Yochai Benkler
Larry Downes
Josh Goldfoot
Eric Goldman
James Grimmelman
H. Brian Holland
David Johnson
Andrew Keen
Hon. Alex Kozinski
Mark MacCarthy
Geoff Manne
Evgeny Morozov
Milton Mueller
John Palfrey
Frank Pasquale
Paul Szynol
Adam Thierer
Hal Varian
Christopher Wolf
Tim Wu
Michael Zimmer
Jonathan Zittrain
Ethan Zuckerman
TechFreedom
techfreedom.org
1899 L ST NW, 12th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20036
NextDigitalDecade.com
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THE NEXTDIGITALDECADE
ESSAYS ONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET
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Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus
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TechFreedom
techfreedom.org
Washington, D.C.
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THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 7
Berin Szoka
25 Years After .COM: Ten Questions 9
Berin Szoka
Contributors 29
Part I: The Big Picture & New Frameworks
CHAPTER 1: The Internet’s Impact on
Culture & Society: Good or Bad? 49
Why We Must Resist the Temptation of Web 2.0 51
Andrew Keen
The Case for Internet Optimism, Part 1:
Saving the Net from Its Detractors 57
Adam Thierer
CHAPTER 2: Is the Generative Internet at Risk? 89
Protecting theInternet Without Wrecking It:
How to Meet the Security Threat 91
Jonathan Zittrain
A Portrait oftheInternet as a Young Man 113
Ann Bartow
The Case for Internet Optimism, Part 2:
Saving the Net from Its Supporters 139
Adam Thierer
CHAPTER 3: Is Internet Exceptionalism Dead? 163
The Third Wave ofInternet Exceptionalism 165
Eric Goldman
A Declaration ofthe Dependence of Cyberspace 169
Alex Kozinski and Josh Goldfoot
Is Internet Exceptionalism Dead? 179
Tim Wu
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 230 ofthe CDA:
Internet Exceptionalism as a Statutory Construct 189
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Internet Exceptionalism Revisited 209
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CHAPTER 4: Has theInternet Fundamentally
Changed Economics? 237
Computer-Mediated Transactions 239
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Decentralization, Freedom to Operate & Human Sociality 257
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The Economics of Information:
From Dismal Science to Strange Tales 273
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The Regulation of Reputational Information 293
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CHAPTER 5: Who Will Govern the Net in 2020? 305
Imagining theFutureof Global Internet Governance 307
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Democracy in Cyberspace: Self-Governing Netizens
& a New, Global Form of Civic Virtue, Online 315
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Who’s Who in Internet Politics:
A Taxonomy of Information Technology Policy & Politics 327
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Part II: Issues & Applications
CHAPTER 6: Should Online Intermediaries
Be Required to Police More? 345
Trusting (and Verifying) Online Intermediaries’ Policing 347
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Online Liability for Payment Systems 365
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THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET 5
Fuzzy Boundaries: The Potential Impact of Vague
Secondary Liability Doctrines on Technology Innovation 393
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CHAPTER 7: Is Search Now an “Essential Facility?” 399
Dominant Search Engines:
An Essential Cultural & Political Facility 401
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The Problem of Search Engines as Essential Facilities:
An Economic & Legal Assessment 419
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Some Skepticism About Search Neutrality 435
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Search Engine Bias &
the Demise of Search Engine Utopianism 461
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CHAPTER 8: What Future for Privacy? 475
Privacy Protection in theNextDigital Decade:
“Trading Up” or a “Race to the Bottom”? 477
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The Privacy Problem: What’s Wrong with Privacy? 483
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A Market Approach to Privacy Policy 509
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CHAPTER 9: Can Speech Be Policed
in a Borderless World? 529
The Global Problem of State Censorship
& the Need to Confront It 531
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The Role oftheInternet Community
in Combating Hate Speech 547
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CHAPTER 10: Will the Net Liberate the World? 555
Can theInternet Liberate the World? 557
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Internet Freedom: Beyond Circumvention 565
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THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET 7
Foreword
Berin Szoka
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THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET 9
25 Years After .COM: Ten Questions
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http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/03/0315-symbolics-first-dotcom/!
[...]... Lessig’s conviction that private power leads to perfect control, as mentioned above, ultimately split theInternet Exceptionalist consensus against THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSON THE FUTUREOFTHE INTERNET 15 regulation ofthe 1990s into two camps Both camps carried the banner ofInternet freedom but reached opposite conclusions about whether the real threat comes from government or the private... Professor of Law at Yale He writes about theInternet and the emergence of networked economy and society, as well as the organization of infrastructure, such as wireless communications THE NEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSON THE FUTUREOFTHE INTERNET 33 In the 1990s he played a role in characterizing the centrality of information commons to innovation, information production, and freedom in both its autonomy... democratizing potential Conclusion: Discovering the Futureofthe Internet & Digital Policy In these thirty-one essays, our authors paint a complex picture of thefutureofthe Internet and digital policy: Technological change inevitably creates new problems, even as it solves old ones In the end, one’s perspective ultimately depends on whether one thinks the “net” effect of that change is positive... adequacy of their self-regulation focused on net neutrality in the last digital decade, the battle over “search neutrality” may be just as heated in thenextdigitaldecade Are search engines now the “essential facilities” ofthe speech industry that can be tamed only by regulation? Or are they engines of empowerment that will address the very concerns they raise by ongoing innovation? 8 As the Internet. .. admonition about excessively narrow market definitions: “This Court now approves this strange red-haired, bearded, one-eyed man-with-a-limp classification.” Like Manne, New York Law School Professor James Grimmelmann expresses “Skepticism about Search Neutrality,” and the significant practical problems it THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSON THE FUTUREOFTHE INTERNET 23 would create As the author of. .. approach but by their ultimate duty to shareholders, while Bricks-and-Mortars 8 See Adam Thierer & Berin Szoka, Cyber-Libertarianism: The Case for Real Internet Freedom, THE TECHNOLOGY LIBERATION FRONT, Aug 12, 2009, http://techliberation.com/2009/08/ 12/cyber-libertarianism -the- case-for-real -internet- freedom/ 20 25 YEARS AFTER COM: TEN QUESTIONS companies, professional groups, and unions generally work... NEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET 11 technology is accompanied by an equivalent improvement in the condition of man.” Information technology is leading us into an oblivion of cultural amnesia, narcissism, and a childish rejection ofthe expertise, wisdom and quality of creative elites For Keen, a “flatter” world is one in which genius can no longer rise above a sea of mediocrity,... potential ofthe Internet, and announcing a commitment to “supporting the development of new tools that enable citizens to exercise their rights of free expression by circumventing politically motivated censorship.”11 11 Hillary Rodham Clinton, Remarks onInternet Freedom, Jan 21, 2010, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET 27 Internet. .. experiment? This question, unanswered here, offers perhaps the most tantalizing organizing theme for a future successor to this collection ofessays Larry Downes closes this Chapter with an expanded version ofthe discussion ofdigital economics from his 2009 book The Laws of Disruption—a book in the same tradition as Varian and Shapiro’s Information Rules (1998), Postrel’s TheFuture and its Enemies... some degree of government meddling online: “A world in which every local sovereign seeks to control the activities of netizens beyond its borders violates the true meaning of self-governance and democratic sovereignty.” Johnson predicts that technology THENEXTDIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYSONTHEFUTUREOFTHEINTERNET 19 will empower users to sidestep the traditional controls imposed by governments—not . THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE
ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus
THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE
ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE. /%*;%NextDigitalDecade.com%
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THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword