Ely_Boulevard_Tree_Risk_Assessmentv_SS

City of Ely Tree Risk Assessment Of Boulevard Trees Of Concern June 19, 2015 Re: Boulevard Trees Harold Langowski City Administrator City of Ely 209 E Chapman St Ely, MN 55731 Dear Harold, Thank you for asking us to assess the health of the boulevard trees on the city streets of Ely Seventy-eight (78) trees were selected for a Level Basic Assessment There is some concern about the general health of some of trees due to their type, size, and root issues and the risk they pose to the general public The scope of our project was to assess these two trees for general health, consider site characteristics , measure risk, suggest potential remediation if needed, and make our final recommendations We recommend assessing these trees often, perhaps even annually, as our assessment is only good for one year Mark Rehder Certified Arborist MN-0256A Table of Contents SCOPE .4 HISTORY SPECIES PROFILE .5 Silver Maple .5 Ash .6 WHY TREE FAILURES OCCUR What is a Hazard Tree? Observe the Trunk Inspect the Crown Roots MAINTENANCE HISTORY 10 PROCEDURES .10 DATA .11 Crown and Branches 11 Trunk 12 Roots 14 RISK RATING 17 MITIGATED RISK 17 TREE VIGOR 18 MAPLE SYRUP TAPPING .18 CONCLUSION 19 DATA TABLE 20 SCOPE We visited the City of Ely on May 4th and 5th, 2015 to complete the field portion of the assessment The weather was sunny, no wind, and daytime temperatures in the 50's and 60's We made multiple schedule changes to try and get the optimom conditions for good viewing The clear skis helped at getting a good look at the interiors of the trees to look for structural issues We conducted a Level assessment of the trees in question The assessment consisted of a detailed visual inspection of the tree and its surrounding site and a synthesis of the information collected The assessment considers only known targets and visible or detectable tree conditions The basic tools used for analysis are binoculars, a probe, a mallet, and a camera The assessment represents the condition of the tree and site at the time of inspection The assessment is good for one year from the date on this report Any tree, whether it has visible weaknesses or not, will fail if the forces applied to it exceed the strength of the tree or its parts The techniques and terminology used to complete this evaluation are endorsed by the International Society of Arboriculture(ISA) I have been Certified Arborists (MN-0256A) since 2001 and have also completed a Tree Risk Assessment Qualification (TRAQ) sponsored by the ISA I have worked in the consulting forestry industry for over 20 years Jacob Ryg, who conducted the assessment with me, is a Board Certified Master Arborist and was formerly the City Forester for Rochester, MN HISTORY Not much is known about the history of Ely's boulevard silver maples Judging by counting the rings of previous maples that have been removed we can estimate their age to be around 80 years old They were probably planted because they grew quick and were readily accessible and/or cheap There is a good chance they were brought up from the Twin Cities area However, there appear to be native areas of Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) in the area and it is possible they were transplanted as wildings Some of the ash tree diameters measured were in the 40 inch range suggesting these are older trees as well SPECIES PROFILE The following information is from the United States Forest Service (USFS) and provides pertinent information regarding both Silver maple and Green ash It explains some of the characteristics of the species which is helpful in understanding some of the issues established in this report Silver Maple USDA Forest Service Tree List The soft wood of silver maple has a tendency to develop cavities which are used by cavity-nesting birds and mammals, and which otherwise provide shelter for a number of species including raccoons, opossums, squirrels, owls, and woodpeckers Silver maple has been planted as an ornamental, but the limbs are easily broken in ice and snow storms Its use as an ornamental has declined due to frequent breakage, tendency to rot, and prolific sprouting The shallow roots invade water Species distribution of Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) systems, the seeds are a nuisance, and it sheds a lot of twigs Silver maple sap can be used to make maple syrup Silver maple is subject to damage by winds, ice, wood rot and insects Relatively soft wood renders it susceptible to a number of wood rotting fungi Silver maple is a native, deciduous, medium-sized tree Mature height ranges from 90 to 120 feet (27-36 m) Silver maple is characterized as a fast growing species The trunk is often separated into several upright branches near the ground The crown is usually open and rounded The bark of young stems is smooth; it becomes darker and furrowed to flaky on older stems The root system is shallow and fibrous The deepest roots of 35-year-old silver maples planted on clay soil in North Dakota were 55 inches (139.7 cm) The longest roots extended horizontally 49 feet (14.9 m) The fruit is a winged samara, 1.4 to 1.9 inch (3.5-5 cm) long and up to 0.48 inch (12 mm) wide Silver maples can live to 130 years or longer The national champion silver maple (1972) was found in Michigan It was 125 feet (38.1 m) tall, 22.58 feet (82.6 m) in circumference, and had a crown spread of 111 feet (33.8 m) Ash Species distribution of Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Green ash is a deciduous tree with high branches and a slender growth form It grows to 100 feet (40 m) in the southern part of its range but is typically half that height in the northern portion of its range Some research indicates height differences across the east to west range of this species as well Trees found in New York are typically greater than 100 feet (30 m) tall, while those in South Dakota rarely exceed 49 feet (15 m) South Carolina's state champion green ash tree grows in the bottomland hardwood floodplain forest of Congaree National Park and was last measured in 2002 This tree was 143 feet (43.6 m) tall, and had a crown spread of 96 feet (29 m) and a circumference of 181 inches (460 cm) The 2004-2005 National Tree Register reports that the national champion green ash tree grows in Cass County, Michigan, and is 95 feet (29 m) tall, 259 inches (658 cm) in circumference, and has a 95-foot (29 m) canopy spread This tree was last measured in 1995 The trunk of green ash trees is large and straight When subjected to prolonged periods of flooding, trunks may become enlarged at the base Under dry conditions, the outer bark is between and mm thick at breast height, while the inner bark measures a thickness of 1.5 to 2.5 mm WHY TREE FAILURES OCCUR This part of the report has been taken from the Agriculture Extension Service of the University of Tennessee It was written by Larry Tankersley and was a joint effort by the USFS and the University of Tennessee It is an older report but does a wonderful job of describing what the risk assessors are looking for when assessing these trees without going into so much detail as to make it confusing Having the experience that we have we are able to not only recognize the issue but determine the extent to which it could effect the tree as the tree allows What is a Hazard Tree? A tree failure occurs when a tree or large part of a tree breaks and falls Hazard Tree Management deals in probabilities of failure rather than certainties Age, species(especially rooting and branching characteristics), site, and condition all influence the relative hazard of the tree A high probability of failure does not make a tree a hazard; there also must be a target that could be damaged or injured if the tree fails Trees become a potential hazard when there is a target A target is a structure, vehicle or a person that would be struck by a falling tree or its parts The target directly influences the degree of hazard Consider the differences among a tree falling on a fence, a house or a person A tree leaning over the bedroom is most hazardous Trees near high use areas are more of a risk than those near infrequently visited areas, as the probability of a person being hit is greater Priorities for removal or corrective treatments depend on the hazard rating of the tree Tree age is important in hazard tree management Every tree species has an inherent life span Some trees inherently live longer than others Risk of failure increases with age Table provides a general guide for hazards based on tree age and species Longevity should be considered when evaluating existing tree hazards or selecting species to plant Generally, longer-lived species are preferred, unless plans are made to maintain or periodically replace less persistent species The environment in which a tree lives will also determine its hazard potential Trees growing on rock ledges or near a body of water often have shallow root systems Trees recently exposed by the removal of neighboring trees are more susceptible to damaging winds Observe the Trunk Decay, a major cause of tree failure, is caused by fungi that weaken wood as they grow and reproduce As healthy trees bend and sway, wood fibers slide past each other Decaying tissues, however, are not flexible and often break Each species of fungi has a characteristic, often conspicuous, reproductive structure Some are conks, which are woody and perennial, while others are mushrooms that are soft and deteriorate after a short (e.g several days to a few weeks) period The presence of many reproductive structures often indicates advanced stages of decay Decay is often present without obvious signs Cracks, seams, butt swell, dead branch stubs and large, older wounds suggest internal decay Decay fungi typically need an opening in the trees bark to enter the tree Openings in the bark above and below ground are caused in a variety of ways Fire, lightning, branches rubbing each other in response to wind and the activities of insects, humans, birds and other animals can wound a tree Wounds and cankers are two types of tree defects associated with hazards Cankers are usually tree diseases that are perennial and aggressive These defects enlarge with time and increase the likelihood of tree failure Wounds and cankers can be weak points on a trunk and their position relative to the prevailing winds influences the risk they represent A tree is more likely to break at a wound or canker if it is facing or opposite to the direction of the prevailing wind Most trees fail during winds greater than 40 mph Some fall on a perfectly still day Vertical cracks or seams along the trunk suggest internal defects A hollow tree is not necessarily a hazard tree Cavities develop from bark wounds Many old trees have large conspicuous cavities or hollows in the main trunk, large root or branch Vigorous trees have been observed to grow more sound wood around the hollow, compensating for that lost to decay Compartmentalization of the decay also prevents the size of the rotten compartment from expanding In later years, this new wood is continuous with the spreading roots and the tree can be strong enough to exist safely for many more years Inspect the Crown Crown vigor and form are two indicators of the general health of trees Crown characteristics of a potential hazard tree include dieback, Vshaped forks and lopsidedness Branches in the upper crown often die from the top down in response to stress Repeated insect defoliation, extended periods of drought, soil compaction or root disease cause stress Opportunistic pests, such as insects and fungi, often invade and further stress the tree Trees can recover from dieback, if the source of the stress is eliminated in time However, trees with advanced crown decline will die and should be removed V-shaped forks are weak compared to broader angled forks and branches Ice storms, heavy wet snow or high winds often trigger failure Elm, oak, maple, yellowpoplar and willow are especially prone to break at weak forks Corrective pruning when trees are young can prevent many of these problems Trees that grow on the edge of a woodlot or trees crowded together often form lopsided crowns or lean into the opening in response to sunlight Leaning, lopsided trees may represent a hazard if they are above a target Generally, trees that lean more than 15 degrees from vertical should be removed Trees that have grown leaning are not as hazardous as trees that were originally straight, but subsequently developed a lean due to wind or root damage The general growth form of the tree and any uplifted soil on the side of the tree opposite the lean provide clues to when the lean developed Large trees that have tipped in intense winds seldom recover Roots Root integrity and health cannot be over emphasized In addition to absorbing water and essential elements, roots anchor the tree to the world If the roots are damaged in any way, tree vitality and health are affected and the likelihood of failure increases Construction is especially damaging to tree roots Earthmoving and trenching can cut large portions of the root system The probability of failure increases as the amount of the root damage increases If 50 percent of a trees root system is damaged, it should probably be removed Wounds created during construction can cause problems several years after the construction is complete Tree roots damaged by decay or cutting may cause the tree to become more susceptible to wind throw Soil depth and drainage also affect wind firmness Trees rooted in shallow, wet soils are generally more prone to uprooting Above-ground clues to poor root conditions include thin crowns, with dwarfed, off-color or yellowing leaves, stunted growth, soil compaction, erosion, construction activity, soil fill around the tree, discolored or resin-soaked wood at the root collar and fruiting bodies of rootrot fungi growing at or near the base of the trees Not all mushrooms growing under trees are associated with root diseases Familiarity with the fruiting bodies of common root-disease fungi is useful during tree hazard inspection These fungi indicate rotting in the lower trunk or roots of infected trees MAINTENANCE HISTORY As part of our assessment we looked at the maintenance history of these trees Proper maintenance of a tree can greatly extend the life of a tree as well as the benefits that it provides Improper tree maintenance, can the opposite- reduce the effective life span of the tree In Ely, maintenance has been more as a result of responding to an issue than it has been towards proper tree maintenance Pruning is the most common tree maintenance practice Many trees in Ely have been pruned and maintained well over the years while others have undergone improper cuts, lions tailing (the practice of removing all interior branches), crown raising, and a lack of removing deadwood Still other trees have not been pruned in many years Pruning should be done with an understanding of tree biology If improper cuts are made the impacts can effect the tree for the rest of its life With the mature size of these trees it will be important to get a qualified tree professional to provide proper ongoing tree care Many communities will put the trees on a rotation schedule either by species or by area This will insure that all trees have a visit to determine future needs Proper maintenance can be directly correlated to the potential for risk PROCEDURES We inspected 80 trees for the City of Ely These trees were chosen, by Dixon Shelstad, because they had the most potential to cause problems in the future This allowed us to look at these 80 trees more closely than had we had to look at all trees within the community While Dixon performed what is called a windshield inventor, we performed a Level Basic Assessment Just trying to make determinations as to what needs closer inspection was a critical step in narrowing our scope but also saving the City some money by looking more closely at fewer trees We used the ISA (International Society of Arboriculture) tree risk assessment form to help us compile data and to assess the trees It is a very detailed form and we have mailed all of the originals to you for future reference As mentioned previously, we look closely at the crown and branches, trunk, and roots We use tools such binoculars, sounding mallets, probes, and measuring sticks to help us collect the information we need and to help us make our assessments We have paraphrased the data we collected into the spreadsheet at the back of this report DATA Of the 80 trees we assessed, were green ash trees (Fraxinum pennsylvanica), and the remainder were silver maples (Acer saccharinum) The average size of trees collected was nearly 34 inches in diameter, relatively large trees We also collected a condition rating on the trees based on a scale of 0-9 Zero being a dead tree and being the perfect tree The average tree rating for the trees we assessed was 3.6, relatively low for boulevard trees Crown and Branches The most common issue associated with the crowns and branches of these trees was the existence of medium and large sized dead branches We classified every dead branch that was between 2-5 inches in diameter as a medium sized dead branch and everything larger than inches as a large dead branch Thirty-six (36) of the trees assessed had large dead branches within their canopies That makes up roughly 47% of the population Two of these large dead branches also had signs of active decay We saw many examples of the picture below A collection of all the dead material that had recently come off the tree Some of these dead branches were fairly large in diameter and could cause both human or property damage considering the heights they are falling from Twelve (12) of the remaining trees, or 15%, had medium sized dead branches ranging in size from 2-5” in diameter Only trees had small dead branches which were smaller than 2” in diameter We also noted cavities, cracks, weak attachments, and included bark and some of the other trees It should be noted that we usually just recorded the worst offending part of the tree as it was most likely to influence the risk rating the most For example, we did not note a small cavity in a tree branch canopy that also included large dead branches Trunk There were not nearly as many issues with the trunks of the trees as there were with the canopies and the roots Most of the trunk issues involved a degree of rot Thirteen (13) of the 80 trees had some degree of trunk rot, mostly in association with the roots We also noted major cracks, weak attachments, and included bark on some of the other trunks It should be noted that we also noticed that many of the trees had cracks that had good response growth Response growth is wood that develops in response to some structural stress to the tree The tree can sense that his is a weak area and will grow more wood in that area to compensate for the deficiency The picture to the right is a photo of a good branch/trunk union It is U-shaped in nature and there is no evidence of overlapping bark(included bark) Many of the trunk/branch unions we saw were similar to the picture below, especially on the silver maples If you look closely it can be seen that the two major limbs are growing against one another and have a weak union This looks more like a V-shape than a U=shape as in the picture above As they continue to grow they will also continue to push against one another Any additional loading such as snow, ice, and wind, can cause the limb attachment to fail The picture to the left is also of an Ely street tree This trunk has been obviously compromised and I believe this tree has been removed This is what can happen when poor trunk/branch unions fail The picture below is of a silver maple that has failed (not in Ely), most likely at the point of a weak attachment The house and its occupants where clearly a target here A few trees also had a lean to them as illustrated in the picture to right As long as the root plate was not lifting on the other side these trees were not an immediate concern but should be monitored for root plate lifting which would cause the tree to lean even more Roots Probably the biggest issue of concern was the high number of mostly silver maple that had some degree of root rot Twenty-four (24) or 30% of the trees assessed had signs of this malady Much of this is a result of the trees outgrowing their rooting space and being pinched by the sidewalk or street curb, or having felt the impacts of construction If they did not already have some form of root rot they were most likely to have issues with root flare damage without the corresponding root rot We noted nine (9) cases of root flare damage without root rot We also noted twelve (12) trees that had been fairly successful at growing new wood over these old wounds The above picture is an example of something we saw a lot of Roots that have a small rooting area Construction damage can also play a part in this root rot Roots that are cut to make way for new curbs or the installation of new sidewalks can become compromised Roots are what anchor in the tree so when we have cases of excessive root damage there is a greater chance the tree will fail Below is another example of a tree that has significant root loss It has lost some of its ability to hold the tree into the ground Total tree failures can cause significant damage to homes, cars, or people Other issues we saw on the roots were stem girdling roots, sidewalk lifting, root plate lifting, and excessive sprouting The silver maple on the left has lost a lot of its root flare both to the curb and sidewalk It is impossible to see how well the tree to the left is anchored into the ground because it is below ground, one of the challenges of root assessments The tree on the right is in Whiteside Park and is a good example of what a proper root flare should look like RISK RATING Each one of the tree we assessed was given a risk rating based on the issues we saw Risk is not only the function of what is apparent in the tree but also of potential targets It is the blending of these two which ultimately gives you that risk rating Nine (9) trees were given a risk rating of HIGH That suggests that there is a high probability that these trees may fail within one year and that there exists the potential to damage life and/or property Thirty-five (35) trees were given a MODERATE risk rating That suggests that over half the trees assessed had a risk rating of HIGH or MODERATE Thirty-six(36) trees were given a risk rating of LOW It should be noted that this assessment is only good for a 1-year time period suggesting most all of these trees should be re-assessed annually or as often thereafter as possible Bear in mind these are mature trees with a propensity to root rot and to shed large dead branches This issues may just take a year to reveal themselves and therefore frequent checks on tree health are recommended These risk ratings also not take into consideration mitigating some of these risks such as removing large dead branches before they fail MITIGATED RISK Of the nine (9) trees that received a risk rating of HIGH, of these could be mitigated to MODERATE by removing the large dead limbs that were apparent in the crown However, it is recommended that the other HIGH risk trees be removed due to their general overall low condition ratings The question is how many resources you put into a tree that is on its way out versus simply removing it? By including a general condition rating of the trees we hope to make those decisions easier Most of the trees that did receive a MODERATE risk was due to large dead branches These are easily rectified by pruning out the dead material However, we run into the same issue as we did with the high risk trees While the risk can be mitigated to LOW is it worth the time and expense to remove the highest risk (large dead branches high up in canopy) when the tree also has other conditions that might cause its life span to be cut short such as root issues? Of the 36 trees with a LOW risk rating, all but 10 can be mitigated for The remaining 10 still have a LOW risk even after some form of mitigation To be clear, if no mitigation takes place the trees will still have their original risk factor But if mitigation does occur the tree risk factor may or may not decline based on other pre-existing conditions TREE VIGOR One observation made during our inspections was the general overall low vigor of the trees Vigor can be assessed by looking at the twig from its tip to the first ring of bud scale scars This represents the current years growth and this technique can also be used to look at vigor in years past Last year’s growth is the distance between the first ring of scars and the next ring of scars This latest growth will often have a different color on the twig than the previous year You can usually find the bud scale scars for about the last three years of growth Compare the length of the current season’s growth with the last two or three to figure the growth rate While it was surprising to see the low vigor on most of these trees it was somewhat reassuring to see it on almost all trees This leads one to suspect that environmental issues may be the cause It may also suggest that many of these trees are reaching the end of their lifespan given the compromised root zone and impacts of construction such as new curbs of sidewalks being placed near the base of the tree Whatever the reason it is something that should be noted when looking at the long-term health of these trees MAPLE SYRUP TAPPING We were surprised to see the holes left by the maple syrup tapping Apparently this has been going on for as much as 10 years We not know the extent to which the trees have been tapped There is a right way and a wrong way to tap The right way is to use a small drill bit, less than ½ inch, use only buckets on trees up to 30” and use no more than buckets on trees over 30” It has been demonstrated that drilling more holes does not correspond to more material I spoke to a number of experts regarding this phenomena and they all assured me that tapping only has a very small impact on the trees, even if it is done improperly Tapping will not cause more deadwood in the canopy or cause root rots or large cracks or any of the other myriad of issues we saw on these trees If the trees have issues it is more from the other impacts that have been previously mentioned than from the tapping Perhaps an educational program to encourage proper tapping on these trees would be advisable Such as where to place the holes, how big they should be, and how many buckets CONCLUSION Hopefully the information contained in this report will help you understand the challenges that lie ahead and to make the best decisions available Eventually the large silver maple trees will have to be phased out, but for how long can they stay? The healthier trees may still have 30 years or so of being a good contributor to the site but many more will have significantly less time Deciding which trees to remove and which to preserve will be a blending of all factors Tree species, tree size, location, risks, mitigated risks, issues, and the overall health of the tree I would recommend starting with the HIGH risk trees and MODERATE mitigated risk trees and look at the condition ratings If it can be mitigated to a MODERATE risk and still have a higher condition rating that it may be worth the effort to put some resources into the tree such as proper pruning or a system of cables and braces These practices can help the tree remain healthy and be less of a risk Even if the tree has a low risk but has a significant crack and a condition rating of it might be best to remove the tree now rather than later Vice versa, if the tree has a HIGH risk but can be mitigated and still has a higher condition rating it may be worth mitigation We would seriously recommend a system of cabling and bracing for some of these trees There are some good candidates out there and we would be happy to help you make those decisions It is a great way to keep the branches from moving too much to the point where they could cause the tree to fail They are not to expensive to install but would require someone with knowledge of the product and tree dynamics to it right Another point to understand here is the issue of a target While we did the assessment we keep track of what type of targets we saw Oftentimes it was people that came out of their homes to ask us what we were doing but we also did observe a low volume of cars and pedestrians We did also observe the school track team running For the most part traffic patterns were light but as we got closer to the school we noticed more people But what really are the chances of a falling branch hitting a car, house, or person We did our best to note when the house was a target of a potential large branch failure because it is important to understand that the homes are more occupied than the streets by people, especially if the large limb is over a bedroom But the chances of a branch striking an individual walking on the sidewalk is low There are just not enough people occupying the space under the trees for any extended period of time This would be different if the site was a zoo or park or other high traffic area We hope this information helps and we welcome any questions you may have DATA TABLE Site # Species 1- 5J Maple, silver DB H 29 Crown Notes 2-13J Maple, silver 31 3-14J Maple, silver 48 4-45J Maple, silver 26 5-105J Maple, silver 23 6-129J Maple, silver 29 7137J Maple, silver 25 8441J(2nd Ave) 9-140J Maple, silver 50 medium dead branch(s) Maple, silver 44 10-227J Maple, silver 24 11-235J 12-230J Maple, silver Maple, silver 31 22 decay- large branches decay- large branches cavities topping cuts- weak attachments 13-230J Maple, silver 40 14-235J Maple, silver 30 15306J(Patti son) Maple, silver 32 small dead branch(s) cavities large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) included bark Trunk notes Root notes RISK Mitigat ed risk Action LOW large crack healing crack healing crack included bark trunk rot healing crack trunk rot root flare damage root flare damage root rot healing root flare damage healing root flare damage root rot root flare damage root rot Cond ition Notes MODE RATE MODE RATE MODE RATE LOW N/A LOW Prune LOW LOW Prune LOW N/A LOW LOW Prune MODE RATE HIGH LOW Prune N/A tapped LOW LOW N/A N/A 5 tapped tapped LOW N/A LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW Prune N/A 4 Prune cable prune over garage 16-440J Maple, silver 20 17-313J Maple, silver 17 18-338J Maple, silver 21 18-422 19-446J Maple, silver Maple, silver 25 24 20-427J Maple, silver 33 21-443J 22434J(5th) 23-515J Maple, silver Maple, silver 38 31 Maple, silver 32 24-515P Maple, silver 30 25-512P Maple, silver 35 26-504P Maple, silver 42 27-427P ASH, green 38 28-427 ASH, green 34 29-345P ASH, green 29 30-320P ASH, green 26 31-305P ASH, green 36 32-305P Maple, silver 33-236P ASH, green ? 29 healing crack trunk rot large dead branch(s) cavities large dead branch(s) included bark included bark medium dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) small dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) root flare damage root flare damage trunk rot healing crack lean root rot included bark trunk rot root rot included bark root rot healing root flare damage root rot healing crack root flare damage major crack weak attachme nt trunk rot root rot LOW LOW MODE RATE MODE RATE LOW MODE RATE LOW N/A LOW MODE RATE MODE RATE HIGH LOW Prune N/A Remove 5 LOW Remove N/A Prune N/A Remove LOW HIGH MODE RATE MODE RATE MODE RATE MODE RATE HIGH tapped power lines in tree tapped leaner tapped MODE RATE LOW Prune Prune LOW Prune LOW Prune remove hanging branches remove large dead branches over sidewalk remove large branches N/A Remove severed roots N/A REMOV E NOW Prune remove within year Remove remove due to decay MODE RATE MODE RATE MODE RATE MODE RATE 34-121P ASH, green 26 35-106P ASH, green 25 36-43P Maple, silver 30 37-11W Maple, silver 48 38-139W? Maple, silver 38 39-W Maple, silver 28 40-W Maple, silver 41-W Maple, silver 42-204Co Maple, silver 43-225W Maple, silver 59 44-303W Maple, silver 22 45-304W Maple, silver 26 46-329Co Maple, silver 27 47-312Co Maple, silver 38 48-323Co Maple, silver 24 49-248H Maple, silver 34 50-248H Maple, silver 42 ? 31 ? medium dead branch(s) trunk rot root rot trunk rot large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) weak attachments small dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) decay - medium dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) root rot healing crack weak attachme nt weak attachme nt trunk rot weak attachme nt healing root flare damage N/A Remove MODE RATE LOW N/A Remove re-check brown rot issues in year decay main trunk Prune deadwood LOW LOW Prune deadwood LOW LOW cable? cable? MODE RATE healing root flare damage stem girdling roots root flare damage sprouting root plate lifting-older healing crack trunk rot LOW root rot LOW LOW Prune LOW Prune power lines in tree HIGH MODE RATE Remove multiple issues MODE RATE LOW MODE RATE LOW Remove decay in large branches Prune prune over house MODE RATE LOW MODE RATE LOW Remove Prune leaner with signs of root plate lifting deadwood Remove lack of stability Remove re-evaluate in year Remove root rot MODE RATE LOW healing root flare damage MODE RATE N/A 51-246Co Maple, silver 42 52-245Co 53-232Co Maple, silver Maple, silver 26 45 54-213Co Maple, silver 32 55-218Co Maple, silver 37 56-147Co Maple, silver 38 57-102Co Maple, silver 28 58 Maple, silver 44 59 Maple, silver 40 60 Maple, silver 48 61 Maple, silver 36 62 Maple, silver 24 63- 38H Maple, silver 64-106H 65-112H Maple, silver Maple, silver ? 44 30 66 Maple, silver ? 67-303Ch Maple, silver 45 68-318Ch Maple, silver 46 69 Maple, silver 42 70-336Ch Maple, silver ? branches with cracks trunk rot root rot large dead branch(s) medium dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) decay - medium dead branch(s) included bark root rot healing root flare damage root rot medium dead branch(s) small dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) weak attachments large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) split limb large dead stem girdling roots healing root flare damage major crack minor lean MODE RATE HIGH LOW N/A LOW MODE RATE LOW LOW Remove signs of decay Remove Prune 3 remove cut roots sides leans into street prune dead branches re-evaluate in year Prune LOW Remove Remove root rot MODE RATE HIGH Remove root rot HIGH Remove healing root flare damage root rot MODE RATE LOW Prune trunk rot root rot lean sidewalk lifting MODE RATE LOW MODE RATE LOW major crack root rot root rot healing root flare damage root rot MODE RATE MODE RATE MODE RATE MODE LOW LARGE dead branches, slight lean advanced crown inspection needed lean and decay leans towards dental office prune dead branches Remove multiple defects Remove Prune hangers and deadwood Prune deadwood N/A Remove multiple issues, split will getr larger LOW Prune LOW Prune LOW Prune LOW remove split limb soon, cable? remove dead branches 71-335Ch Maple, silver 34 72-420Ch Maple, silver 36 73-439Ch Maple, silver 49 74 Maple, silver 28 75-503Ch Maple, silver 26 76 Maple, silver 44 77 Maple, silver 34 78 Maple, silver 79 Whiteside Park Basswood ? lar ge 48 branch(s) large dead branch(s) weak attachments cankers healing crack large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) trunk rot large dead branch(s) large dead branch(s) crack-large healing crack major crack root flare damage healing root flare damage root flare damage healing root flare damage RATE MODE RATE LOW MODE RATE Remove multiple issues Remove root cutting is significant MODE RATE MODE RATE LOW MODE RATE LOW Remove multiple issues Prune remove dead branches LOW remove tree is dying back N/A re-evaluate in year root rot MODE RATE LOW N/A Remove root issues root rot LOW N/A Remove remove split branch or whole tree HIGH N/A Remove Remove ASAP root rot