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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The global economic recession has made Nigeria face multidimensional, political, economic, and social problems giving rise to high rate of unemployment and poverty One of such social problems Nigeria has today, is over dependence on government for the creation of jobs From every indication the over dependence on government for job creation have lead to over-flow of graduate unemployment The rate of increase in unemployment has been alarming lately A recent report from Bureau for statistics put unemployment rate at 88 per cent with 49 per cent at urban cities and 37.9 percent at the rural areas The ever increasing trend of unemployment has proved that entrepreneurship is inevitable to curb it, ensure self-employment, and self-reliance In recognition of this and to have a change of mindset, the Nigerian government/s have constantly pursued economic policies that is geared towards self-reliance, and poverty alleviation, which thrust has been manifested in programmes like National Directorate of Employment (NDE), and the rest aimed at helping the young graduates to acquire necessary skills and funds that will enable them to become entrepreneurs However, all the lofty policies met with little success because there was no early foundation from the institutions of higher learning where these youths graduated from in this direction (Ezeh, 2011) Almost all the policies were focused on providing the citizens fish without showing them how to catch fishes In response to this assertion, the federal government resorted to infuse entrepreneurship into the curriculum of our tertiary institutions through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in collaboration with Centre for Entrepreneurship and Development Research (CEDR) established in tertiary institutions like Universities and Polytechnics with the aim of making the populace managers of their own, to train and retrain potential graduates through entrepreneurship education The CEDR service all other departments in the Polytechnics Entrepreneurship education according to Ezeh, (2011) is specialized training given to students to acquire skills, ideas, and management abilities necessary for selfreliance It is the Entrepreneur who serves as the spark plug in the economy’s engine, activating and stimulating all economic activities Study by Central Bank of Nigeria (2003) entrepreneurship and training for job creation reported that over 80 per cent of the Nigerian labour forces are employed by small and medium scale enterprises Advanced countries of the world like Japan, United States of America (USA) and so on, attained economic growth through small and medium scale enterprises (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2003) Entrepreneurship education in the curriculum of tertiary institutions like the Polytechnic has the potential to make its recipients self-reliant and job creators not job seekers, thereby relieving Government the burden of creating jobs, establishing a positive, multiplier effect in the economy, which will reduce the level of poverty and embrace development This is premised on the fact that when students are adequately trained on entrepreneurial skills in their respective areas of specialization, they will be able to establish a profitable private small business venture as entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs are persons (individuals) who conceive the idea for a business venture, gather the necessary human, material, financial and physical resources to start the operations of the venture and grow it to the point where more people are added to the organisation and they usually bear the most personal, environmental and financial risk in beginning the venture An entrepreneur in the view of Anugwom (2002), is an individual who engages in managerial activities of planning, controlling, organising, directing and co-ordinating any business to achieve the objectives of the enterprise Entrepreneurs are the major actors in a nation’s private entrepreneurship sector The act of entrepreneur is referred to as entrepreneurship (Osuala, 2008) Entrepreneurship is the bedrock of economic growth in any nation The European Commission (EU) report (2008) refers to entrepreneurship as an individual’s ability to turn ideas into action It includes creativity, innovation and risk taking as well as ability to plan and manage projects in order to achieve objectives through application of the required skills According to Timmons in Isike and Emoga (2008), entrepreneurship is the process of planning small business venture, organising people and resources to create, develop and implement solution to a problem to meet people’s needs Isike and Emoga (2008) further described entrepreneurship as the willingness and ability to identify business opportunities through creativity and innovation and establishing necessary machinery to run business enterprise successfully According to the authors, entrepreneurship is usually about creating and running ones own small business A small business enterprise in the views of Osadi, (2007); Isike & Emoga (2010) is that business which is independently owned and managed by private individual to meet up their desired income and their employment needs Also, Okoh and Egberi in Anoluo (2011), views small business enterprise as one which possess the following characteristics: managers are also the owners, capital is supplied and ownership is held by an individual or small group; area of operation is mainly local, and relative size of the firm within its industry must be small when compared with the biggest units in its field Small scale enterprises have crucial roles to play in the process of economic development especially in a capital scale economy like Nigeria and North Western zone in particular (Mamman, 2010) The environment in which small scale business enterprise operate is constantly changing and developing, as entrepreneurs adapt to the vagaries of the market, changing consumer habits, enhanced environmental regulations and so on (Anyakoha, 2009) Based on these challenges, the polytechnic education curricula are being restructured with emphasis being placed on vocationalization and entrepreneurship Polytechnic education is a form of tertiary education that inculcates vocational and technical skills into the recipients (Ojetokun and Omale, 2010) It is a Vocational and Technical Education (VTE) as enshrined in the National Policy of Education (NPE, 2004) with the objectives to give training and impact the necessary skills for the production of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, applied scientists, and skilled personnel who shall be enterprising and self-reliant (NBTE, 2006) The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) is the agency vested with the responsibility for quality control in Polytechnic programmes throughout the federation of Nigeria In response to advancement in technology, the nomenclature ‘Secretarial Studies, have been changed to Office Technology and Management (OTM) Office Technology and Management (OTM), programme is an example of restructuring process in polytechnics where the students are exposed to the acquisition of vocational skills in office and technology management as well as enterprise (Okwuanaso and Obayi 2006) The OTM programme is designed to equip secretarial and office graduates with practical, professional, entrepreneurial/vocational and socio-psychological work skills for employment in various fields of endeavour (NBTE in Okoro, 2010; Adelakin, 2009) OTM is a programme that plays a major role in the building of economic base of the nation towards self-reliance as entrepreneurial opportunities exist therein (Ezeh, 2011) A Polytechnic Office Technology and Management (OTM) graduate with reference to this study is one who have been trained in and passed prescribed courses after years of National Diploma (ND) and years of Higher National Diploma (HND) (NBTE, 2004) This group of students are trained by OTM lecturers to be entrepreneurs Office Technology and Management lecturers are seasoned business educators who equip the OTM students with relevant skills in their core subjects while (CEDR) lecturers are trained specialists trained in entrepreneurship development in the polytechnics Being entrepreneurial, Isike and Emoga (2008) said, means combining personal characteristic with other resources within ones environment and taking advantage of them for rewarding outcomes The entrepreneur’s most essential tool to succeed is his/her skill and creative idea generation ability Skill according to Uche, (2008) is the individual’s ability or abilities to perform specific tasks of assignment successfully Osinem (2008) also sees skill as the ability to perform an act expertly In the same vein, Webster, (2008) defined skill as the capacity of a person to accomplish a task with desired precision and certainty Skill involves practical knowledge in combination with cleverness, expertise, dexterity and ability to perform a function which could be acquired or learnt in school Skill in OTM is identified in the study as paramount attributes of an entrepreneur whose aim is to meet the satisfactory service desired of his/her customers A wide range of skills are seen as entrepreneurial and useful to entrepreneurs They include both personal attributes and behavioural skills (Ezeh, 2011) In addition to having personal attributes, behaviours and values associated with being enterprising, Ezeh, posit, entrepreneurs also need a range of skills to start-up, develop and grow their business ventures Entrepreneurial skills therefore are those behaviours, knowledge, attributes, abilities and capabilities possessed by an entrepreneur to be able to function effectively in a highly competitive environment The author stated that it involves an interrelated process of human resources development Entrepreneurial skill in this study is the skills which help people look for opportunities to start their businesses and improve business performance Government (federal, state and local) have to promote the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills in order to reduce unemployment In the opinion of Azubike (2006), acquisition of entrepreneurial skills means possessing the ability to generate good ideas, find and evaluate business opportunities, gather the necessary resources, initiate appropriate actions to ensure success, and implement action to take advantage of the opportunities for rewarding outcome The idea of entrepreneurship skills is relatively new It has been long realised that narrow, specific technical training fails to equip people for changes in both the economy and in occupations Therefore, for OTM graduates to be able to achieve self employment status, Ezeh (2011) stated that, they require more than occupational specifics or “technical” skills to be competent in employment (paid or self) These skills, which could be clusters of business planning, administrative management, personality traits, interpersonal communication, financial records management, marketing, and information technology skills Good planning is a major factor in the success of a business venture Obviously an entrepreneur needs a more detailed plan before launching into a business to assess the feasibility of the business venture Possession planning skills will enable the graduates to critically develop business ideas, recognise opportunities in the environment, take decision to go into the business, source and organise the essential resources for starting the business The skills that will enable the entrepreneur organise the resources like money, man, machinery is the administrative skills According to Okechukwu, (2009) the administrative skills include: locating the business environment, identifying product line, recruiting staff, motivation, leading and directing the work force for the effective use of monies acquired, equipment and other facilities for smooth operation and production, delegate and supervise responsibilities, having a visionary leadership inspires others to work with you towards that vision through effective interpersonal relationship To achieve the organisational goals in any business require working with people (Okechukwu, 2009) With high growth in the service sector and a corresponding decline in large scale manufacturing and production, more workers have direct contact with colleagues and customers and interpersonal skill is essential in this case The entrepreneur need to be people oriented, have good listening habit, communicate effectively, be trusted by all, get along with others, having good time management and others These skills will be effective when combined with the personality characteristics of the entrepreneur Personality traits, according to Coon (2004) is the stable qualities that a person shows in most situations There are some in-born qualities or potentials of an individual that naturally make him an entrepreneur Some of the characteristics or behaviors are that they tend to be more opportunity, high level of creativity and innovation, found to be optimistic, emotionally resilient, shows commitment and perseverance, display a positive self image, have high integrity and above all visionary These skills enables the entrepreneurs manage their finance effectively Also important is the financial records management skills Olatunbosun (2006) conceptualised financial management activities as that which is concerned with the planning and controlling of financial resources of an enterprise Negotiation of financial assistance or funds for running a private business enterprise is not an easy task as the financiers go beyond the physical structures in the organisation to access the potentials of their would be customer They look at the level of entrepreneurial skills possessed by the individual/s Accurate financial records management helps in forecasting the entrepreneurial market The products/services of entrepreneur must get to the consumers through marketing which plays significant role in the conduct of entrepreneurial activities Okpan, (2006) identified marketing skills of the entrepreneurs to include: ability to capture and retain the attention of customers; establish and maintain contact with customer, determine consumer needs, promote and sell the organisation products, analyze demand and supply situations, effective market and information research Modern markets use Information Technology skills extensively (Okechukwu, 2009) Information Technology (IT) according to Bongotons and Onyenwe, (2010), occupies a strategic role in the scheme of human existence through which communication of information product development is facilitated IT according to Wikipedia, (2008) is the capability to electronically input, process, store, output, transmit and receive data or information In this era of technology modernisation, IT skill is very crucial to Polytechnic OTM graduates Polytechnic OTM graduates have the propensity to make a direct and positive impact on Nigerian economy If the OTM graduates are trained to acquire the necessary entrepreneurial skills, they can engage in small scale business of their own for a comfortable living (Atueyi, 2010) This development will help to bridge the gap in education mismatch, reduce unemployment problems, reduce the rate of business failure, raise the Gross National Product (GNP) of the economy, raise the income and also make citizens self- reliant This makes it imperative to find out skills that will enhance entrepreneurial capabilities of Polytechnic OTM graduates for self employment on graduation Statement of Problem The idea of entrepreneurial skills is relatively new in educational and business sectors It has been realized by the educational institutions that due to incidence of rapid unemployment trend that narrow, specific technical training received in schools fail to equip graduates for changes in both the economy and in occupations The concept is 10 that people (graduates) need more than occupational specific or “technical” skills to be competent in any form of employment (self or paid) Consequently, moving from large scale manufacturing and production economy to a service economy sector, more employees have to deal directly with colleagues and customer Quite clearly more skills are needed in order to be judged as competent in the modern economy The skills are not of single type There are interpersonal- communication skills, which involve interaction with other people in response to the growth in team working environment, and more direct customer contact Increased responsibility and changing work roles means that people need to have planning, administrative and personal characteristics It is also expected that young graduates should understand the market economy a little better Changes in technology means that people require to be able to use Information Communication Technology (ICT) equipments and system These different types of skills are often grouped together as core entrepreneurial skills However, due to other significant changes in the modern economy, enterprises are becoming smaller, and small scale enterprises are being created Large enterprises are broken into divisions, enterprises are downsizing as technology replaces routine manual work, project teams are created with wider responsibilities In the wider economy, small enterprises are seen to be the engine of economic growth – most people work for small and medium enterprises and government now encourage this trend with training, grants and tax incentives More graduates are expected to set up and run small businesses instead of usual dependence on government to provide jobs However, North-western geo-political zone has been noted 182 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F AItem1 AItem2 AItem3 AItem4 AItem5 AItem6 AItem7 AItem8 AItem9 AItem10 AItem11 AItem12 AItem13 AItem14 Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed SummaryA Equal variances assumed Hypothesis Two Sig .211 2.489 018 699 110 887 1.035 1.808 097 327 001 068 410 458 1.345 647 117 892 405 741 008 311 181 756 568 970 795 023 500 248 t-test for Equality of Means t Sig (2tailed) df Std Error Difference -.222 139 825 08899 -.222 97.799 825 08908 749 139 455 08465 759 101.660 450 08358 069 139 945 08741 068 97.460 946 08761 428 139 669 08024 423 94.705 673 08124 -.812 139 418 15763 -.845 109.560 400 15153 2.125 139 002 13306 2.118 96.218 006 13397 -.717 139 475 12220 -.737 106.164 462 11881 885 139 378 11410 864 91.864 390 11678 -.458 139 648 14052 -.470 105.362 640 13699 736 139 463 13554 762 108.010 448 13096 368 139 714 09771 371 100.470 711 09688 1.679 139 095 14032 1.687 99.345 095 13968 2.096 139 038 15389 2.134 103.133 035 15117 665 139 507 14707 671 100.459 504 14582 -.731 139 466 05214 -.760 109.664 449 05010 183 Group Statistics STATUS BItem1 BItem2 BItem3 BItem4 BItem5 BItem6 BItem7 BItem8 BItem9 BItem10 BItem11 BItem12 BItem13 BItem14 BItem15 SummaryB N Mean Std Deviation Std Error Mean OTM Lecturers 92 4.2609 67725 07061 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4286 64550 09221 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0543 84339 08793 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0816 81232 11605 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3870 75086 07828 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.9612 82685 11812 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4022 61232 06384 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3878 70167 10024 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2826 76065 07930 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2041 79003 11286 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0174 55124 05747 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4449 52164 07452 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4130 49508 05162 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4490 50254 07179 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5109 54460 05678 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.5306 58102 08300 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2935 68801 07173 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2857 73598 10514 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5870 53764 05605 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.5510 57956 08279 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1587 62162 06481 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4857 67700 09671 OTM Lecturers 92 3.8913 80461 08389 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.8163 80812 11545 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4022 49302 05140 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4082 49659 07094 OTM Lecturers 92 4.6739 47135 04914 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.6122 49229 07033 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9348 88708 09248 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.8980 96274 13753 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2913 22918 02389 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2830 24287 03470 184 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F BItem1 BItem2 BItem3 BItem4 BItem5 BItem6 BItem7 BItem8 BItem9 BItem10 BItem11 BItem12 BItem13 BItem14 BItem15 SummaryB Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Hypothesis Three Sig .007 337 3.400 506 033 2.039 546 256 043 683 2.242 086 018 1.826 1.471 111 935 563 039 478 857 045 461 613 836 410 024 770 892 179 227 740 t-test for Equality of Means t Sig (2tailed) df Std Error Difference 1.423 139 157 11787 1.444 102.246 152 11614 -.185 139 853 14728 -.187 101.321 852 14560 2.187 139 002 13758 2.182 90.241 006 14171 126 139 900 11400 121 87.262 904 11884 576 139 566 13634 569 94.897 571 13794 3.087 139 004 09571 3.092 102.881 001 09411 408 139 684 08802 406 96.804 685 08842 -.200 139 842 09859 -.196 92.722 845 10056 062 139 950 12467 061 92.510 951 12728 368 139 714 09771 359 91.902 720 09998 1.993 139 021 11341 1.997 91.096 012 11642 526 139 600 14251 525 97.701 600 14270 -.069 139 945 08741 -.068 97.460 946 08761 728 139 468 08466 719 94.441 474 08579 228 139 820 16163 222 91.370 825 16574 201 139 841 04138 197 93.260 844 04213 185 Group Statistics STATUS Citem1 Citem2 Citem3 Citem4 Citem5 Citem6 Citem7 Citem8 Citem9 Citem10 Citem11 Citem12 Citem13 Citem14 Citem15 SummaryC N Mean Std Deviation Std Error Mean OTM Lecturers 92 3.8370 90514 09437 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0000 86603 12372 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9565 99353 10358 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.9592 1.13577 16225 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2826 86857 09056 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1837 90539 12934 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5109 71858 07492 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4898 68076 09725 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1522 51216 05340 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1837 52732 07533 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4022 49302 05140 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4082 49659 07094 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2826 63464 06617 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2245 68512 09787 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2609 81023 08447 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3469 83044 11863 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3152 79738 08313 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.8633 82530 11790 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1087 84459 08805 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1429 88976 12711 OTM Lecturers 92 4.6848 46715 04870 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.6122 49229 07033 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4022 49302 05140 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4082 49659 07094 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4022 49302 05140 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4082 49659 07094 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4565 50084 05222 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4490 50254 07179 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5109 50262 05240 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4490 50254 07179 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3043 23206 02419 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2952 21344 03049 186 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Citem1 Citem2 Citem3 Citem4 Citem5 Citem6 Citem7 Citem8 Citem9 Citem10 Citem11 Citem12 Citem13 Citem14 Citem15 SummaryC Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Hypothesis Four Sig 2.364 2.162 398 161 256 018 160 2.138 002 975 2.502 018 018 030 801 1.135 126 144 529 689 613 892 690 711 967 325 116 892 892 862 372 288 t-test for Equality of Means t Sig (2tailed) df Std Error Difference 2.034 139 003 15772 2.048 101.906 007 15560 014 139 989 18478 014 87.438 989 19250 635 139 527 15589 627 94.601 532 15789 169 139 866 12482 172 102.781 864 12276 -.344 139 731 09151 -.341 95.618 734 09234 -.069 139 945 08741 -.068 97.460 946 08761 504 139 615 11540 492 91.787 624 11814 3.595 139 002 14454 3.591 95.995 006 14564 1.065 139 289 14274 1.053 95.183 295 14426 -.224 139 823 15218 -.221 93.738 826 15463 862 139 390 08418 848 93.713 399 08554 069 139 945 08741 068 97.460 946 08761 -.069 139 945 08741 -.068 97.460 946 08761 085 139 932 08868 085 97.782 932 08877 696 139 487 08889 696 98.085 488 08888 228 139 820 03993 234 105.425 815 03892 187 Group Statistics STATUS DItem1 DItem2 DItem3 DItem4 DItem5 DItem6 DItem7 DItem8 DItem9 DItem10 DItem11 DItem12 DItem13 DItem14 DItem15 DItem16 DItem17 SummaryD N Mean Std Deviation Std Error Mean OTM Lecturers 92 3.9783 86416 09010 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0612 87579 12511 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2435 73996 07715 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.7796 74972 10710 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9457 86905 09061 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2041 88928 12704 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1304 87978 09172 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2653 78463 11209 OTM Lecturers 92 4.6522 47889 04993 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.7551 43448 06207 OTM Lecturers 92 3.8152 91302 09519 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.9388 77482 11069 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4565 79023 08239 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.5102 76710 10959 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5870 49508 05162 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.8122 49229 07033 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2609 79655 08305 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3061 76931 10990 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9130 86000 08966 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.8163 85813 12259 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0870 93353 09733 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1633 79966 11424 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1196 88755 09253 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2041 84112 12016 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0413 83313 08686 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3857 81650 11664 OTM Lecturers 92 3.7500 68940 07188 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.8163 66688 09527 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3478 84431 08802 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3061 82169 11738 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3152 83770 08734 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1224 85714 12245 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3174 84938 08855 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.9612 85167 12167 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1624 27025 02818 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2005 26222 03746 188 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F DItem1 DItem2 DItem3 DItem4 DItem5 DItem6 DItem7 DItem8 DItem9 DItem10 DItem11 DItem12 DItem13 DItem14 DItem15 DItem16 DItem17 SummaryD Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Sig .086 3.000 558 932 7.279 4.118 326 358 010 030 1.179 758 2.320 679 226 012 2.305 595 770 984 456 336 008 044 569 051 922 862 279 385 990 411 635 913 022 442 t-test for Equality of Means t Sig (2tailed) df Std Error Difference -.540 139 590 15354 -.538 96.939 592 15418 2.486 139 008 13146 2.484 96.962 009 13199 1.668 139 098 15494 1.656 96.131 101 15604 -.899 139 370 15000 -.931 108.212 354 14484 -1.254 139 212 08207 -1.292 106.658 199 07966 -.805 139 422 15347 -.846 112.729 399 14599 -.388 139 699 13836 -.392 100.637 696 13710 2.289 139 003 08739 2.290 98.555 003 08724 -.325 139 746 13923 -.329 101.082 743 13775 636 139 526 15198 637 98.258 526 15188 -.485 139 628 15733 -.508 111.880 612 15008 548 139 584 15418 557 102.751 579 15166 3.087 139 005 14633 3.093 99.806 003 14543 -.550 139 583 12056 -.556 100.943 580 11934 282 139 778 14795 284 100.414 777 14672 1.291 139 199 14935 1.282 96.136 203 15040 2.039 139 001 15036 2.038 97.843 002 15048 -.805 139 422 04731 -.812 100.676 419 04687 189 Hypothesis Five Group Statistics STATUS EItem1 EItem2 EItem3 EItem4 EItem5 EItem6 EItem7 EItem8 EItem9 EItem10 EItem11 EItem12 EItem13 EItem14 EItem15 SummaryE N Mean Std Deviation Std Error Mean OTM Lecturers 92 4.6196 48815 05089 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4694 50423 07203 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0261 52642 05488 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.7367 47201 06743 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5109 50262 05240 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4286 50000 07143 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3478 80431 08386 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1429 84163 12023 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2609 72430 07551 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2245 77097 11014 OTM Lecturers 92 3.5761 95196 09925 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.6327 80865 11552 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4565 50084 05222 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4490 50254 07179 OTM Lecturers 92 4.3696 48533 05060 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3061 46566 06652 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4022 49302 05140 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4082 49659 07094 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2283 89077 09287 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1633 89784 12826 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9761 92859 09681 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3041 81598 11657 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1196 70854 07387 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2449 69314 09902 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0326 70245 07324 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1633 68760 09823 OTM Lecturers 92 3.7935 65529 06832 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.8980 65335 09334 OTM Lecturers 92 4.6196 57114 05955 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4490 67888 09698 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2159 29258 03050 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2014 26788 03827 190 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F EItem1 EItem2 EItem3 EItem4 EItem5 EItem6 EItem7 EItem8 EItem9 EItem10 EItem11 EItem12 EItem13 EItem14 EItem15 SummaryE Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Hypothesis Six Sig 2.467 3.805 1.726 033 348 1.523 030 2.489 018 002 110 470 262 682 4.545 440 t-test for Equality of Means t 119 071 191 857 556 219 862 117 892 968 041 494 610 410 035 508 Sig (2tailed) df Std Error Difference 1.720 139 088 08733 1.703 95.350 092 08820 3.118 139 006 08989 3.122 107.726 003 08694 927 139 355 08873 929 98.519 355 08859 1.418 139 158 14456 1.398 94.287 165 14659 278 139 782 13100 272 92.906 786 13354 -.353 139 724 16006 -.371 112.641 711 15230 085 139 932 08868 085 97.782 932 08877 749 139 455 08465 759 101.660 450 08358 -.069 139 945 08741 -.068 97.460 946 08761 411 139 681 15797 410 97.401 682 15835 1.982 139 018 15763 1.985 109.560 014 15153 1.008 139 315 12438 1.015 99.964 313 12354 1.059 139 291 12333 1.066 99.910 289 12252 -.902 139 368 11577 -.903 98.325 369 11567 1.580 139 116 10797 1.499 84.664 138 11380 290 139 772 05028 298 105.837 766 04894 191 Group Statistics STATUS FItem1 FItem2 FItem3 FItem4 FItem5 FItem6 FItem7 FItem8 FItem9 FItem10 FItem11 FItem12 FItem13 FItem14 SummaryF N Mean Std Deviation Std Error Mean OTM Lecturers 92 3.9891 96641 10076 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1224 90445 12921 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1739 87214 09093 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.5102 76710 10959 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2826 95303 09936 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1020 98414 14059 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1304 90441 09429 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1837 90539 12934 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1413 84621 08822 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3265 77427 11061 OTM Lecturers 92 4.2065 1.16296 12125 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.3673 99360 14194 OTM Lecturers 92 3.2370 1.09220 11387 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.6673 1.11232 15890 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0848 83770 08734 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2224 88111 12587 OTM Lecturers 92 4.6413 48225 05028 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.6939 46566 06652 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1957 91674 09558 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2653 88448 12635 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5217 65429 06821 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.5102 64944 09278 OTM Lecturers 92 4.4130 49508 05162 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4490 50254 07179 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9674 90725 09459 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0408 88880 12697 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5109 50262 05240 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.5306 50423 07203 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1925 28448 02966 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2566 24826 03547 192 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F FItem1 FItem2 FItem3 FItem4 FItem5 FItem6 FItem7 FItem8 FItem9 FItem10 FItem11 FItem12 FItem13 FItem14 SummaryF Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Sig .235 4.045 1.111 000 806 839 3.027 430 1.696 687 002 546 294 211 071 t-test for Equality of Means t 629 046 294 984 371 361 020 513 195 408 961 461 589 647 790 Sig (2tailed) df Std Error Difference 797 139 427 16721 814 103.866 418 16385 2.271 139 025 14809 2.362 109.474 020 14240 1.059 139 291 17047 1.049 95.373 297 17216 -.333 139 740 16001 -.333 97.980 740 16006 1.274 139 205 14539 1.309 105.894 193 14148 -.821 139 413 19585 -.862 112.117 391 18668 3.156 139 006 19440 3.155 96.529 007 19549 413 139 680 15085 407 93.866 685 15320 -.624 139 534 08429 -.630 101.100 530 08339 435 139 664 16018 440 101.172 661 15843 100 139 921 11542 100 98.709 920 11516 -.408 139 684 08802 -.406 96.804 685 08842 461 139 646 15933 464 99.839 644 15833 -.222 139 825 08899 -.222 97.799 825 08908 1.328 139 186 04820 1.385 110.189 169 04623 193 Hypothesis Seven 194 Group Statistics STATUS GItem1 GItem2 GItem3 GItem4 GItem5 GItem6 GItem7 GItem8 GItem9 GItem10 GItem11 GItem12 GItem13 GItem14 SummaryG N Mean Std Deviation Std Error Mean OTM Lecturers 92 3.7022 72718 07581 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2300 70711 10102 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9891 67114 06997 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0816 64021 09146 OTM Lecturers 92 3.7717 55674 05804 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.7755 65400 09343 OTM Lecturers 92 3.5326 1.44078 15021 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.7551 1.29953 18565 OTM Lecturers 92 3.7891 67114 06997 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.2816 64021 09146 OTM Lecturers 92 3.8478 75498 07871 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.9388 74744 10678 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1739 76473 07973 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1020 77041 11006 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0326 90725 09459 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0204 92398 13200 OTM Lecturers 92 4.5217 68706 07163 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4286 70711 10102 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9674 84452 08805 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0816 81232 11605 OTM Lecturers 92 4.1522 51216 05340 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.1837 52732 07533 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9348 89938 09377 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0612 85167 12167 OTM Lecturers 92 4.0957 89245 09304 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.4653 83605 11944 OTM Lecturers 92 3.7826 87488 09121 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 3.9796 94626 13518 OTM Lecturers 92 3.9852 48382 05044 Entrepreneurship Lecturers 49 4.0539 46987 06712 195 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F GItem1 GItem2 GItem3 GItem4 GItem5 GItem6 GItem7 GItem8 GItem9 GItem10 GItem11 GItem12 GItem13 GItem14 Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances assumed SummaryG Equal variances assumed Sig 3.906 000 910 2.726 3.043 454 101 087 225 265 256 1.476 4.415 1.790 123 t-test for Equality of Means t 023 984 342 101 984 502 752 769 636 607 613 226 036 183 726 Sig (2tailed) df Std Error Difference 1.982 139 004 12739 1.975 100.487 002 12630 -.792 139 430 11683 -.803 102.172 424 11515 036 139 971 10472 034 85.487 973 10999 -.903 139 368 24647 -.932 107.190 354 23881 2.792 139 002 11683 2.803 102.172 002 11515 -.684 139 495 13306 -.686 98.931 495 13265 530 139 597 13559 529 97.442 598 13590 076 139 940 16148 075 96.527 940 16239 759 139 449 12275 752 95.652 454 12383 -.775 139 440 14742 -.784 101.439 435 14567 344 139 731 09151 341 95.618 734 09234 -.809 139 420 15620 -.823 102.820 412 15361 2.451 139 003 15446 2.460 103.779 006 15140 1.237 139 218 15920 1.208 91.637 230 16307 -.811 139 419 08472 -.818 100.598 415 08396 196 ... managing small scale business, the financial recording management skills required by Polytechnic OTM graduates for managing small scale business; the marketing management skills required by Polytechnic. .. skills required by Polytechnic OTM graduates for managing small scale business? What are the information technology skills required by Polytechnic OTM graduates for managing small scale business? ... OTM graduates for managing small scale business, the information technology skills required by Polytechnic OTM graduates for managing small scale business Significance of the Study The findings
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