INVESTIGATING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND

University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Summer November 2014 INVESTIGATING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND ANALOG EXPERIMENTS Justin W Herbert University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Herbert, Justin W., "INVESTIGATING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND ANALOG EXPERIMENTS" (2014) Doctoral Dissertations 209 https://doi.org/10.7275/5629206.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/209 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst For more information, please contact scholarworks@library.umass.edu INVESTIGATING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND ANALOG EXPERIMENTS A Dissertation Presented by JUSTIN W HERBERT Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2014 Department of Geosciences ©Copyright Justin William Herbert 2014 All Rights Reserved EXPLORING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND ANALOG EXPERIMENTS A Dissertation Presented by JUSTIN W HERBERT Approved as to style and content by: _ Michele L Cooke, Chair _ Sanjay R Arwade, Member _ David F Boutt, Member _ Laurie L Brown, Member _ Michael L Williams, Member _ Julie Brigham-Grette, Department Head Department of Geosciences DEDICATION To my kind and loving family ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Michele L Cooke, for her patient guidance, endless support, and invaluable contributions to this work Many thanks are owed to my committee members, Sanjay R Arwade, David F Boutt, Laurie L Brown, and Michael L Williams, for their useful feedback and thoughtful discussions I would like to thank my many collaborators: Bertrand Maillot, Pauline Souloumiac, and Baptiste Mary in France, for making me welcome in their lab, sharing experimental results, and hosting me in Paris; Michael Oskin and Jacob Selander for showing me the Mojave Desert and providing key insight into eastern California shear zone publications; Ohilda Difo for her work on the eastern California shear zone fault model mesh; Elizabeth Madden for her guidance and feedback on papers; and Scott T Marshall for his mentoring, co-authorship, and encouragement I would like to thank my fiancé, Emily C Pavlos, my parents, William R and Dixie M Herbert, and my close family for being supportive and understanding every step of the way A special thank you to all University of Massachusetts Amherst geosciences faculty, staff, and students whose support and friendship helped me to stay focused on this project Lastly, my research would have not been possible without funding from the National Science Foundation, Southern California Earthquake Center, Geological Society of America, ExxonMobil, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst department of Geosciences v ABSTRACT EXPLORING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND ANALOG EXPERIMENTS SEPTEMBER 2014 JUSTIN WILLIAM HERBERT, B.A., FRANKLIN AND MARSHALL COLLEGE M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Dr Michele L Cooke This dissertation aims to understand fault system deformation using numerical models and analog experiments In southern California, the southern Big Bend of the San Andreas fault (SAF) is a zone of transpression that accommodates deformation associated with the Pacific-North American plate boundary Using three-dimensional boundary element method (BEM) models, I test the sensitivity of fault slip rates to a range of tectonic boundary conditions constrained by Global Positioning System (GPS) studies of the region (45–50 mm/yr and 320°– 325°) I have modified fault configurations derived from the Southern California Earthquake Center Community Fault Model of the San Gorgonio knot and the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) to better represent the disconnected nature of active faults in southern California The models with revised fault geometry produce slip rates that better match geologic strike-slip rates, thus validating the revisions More northerly plate velocity (325°) produces greater transpression along the SAF system associated with greater uplift of the San Bernardino Mountains, greater reverse-slip rates along range bounding reverse thrust faults, lower strike-slip rates along the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults, and greater strike-slip rates along the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) and Garlock fault These results suggest that the degree of vi regional transpression controls the partitioning of deformation between uplift and slip along both the SAF system and the ECSZ Along the San Bernardino strand of the SAF and across the ECSZ, geologic slip rates differ from those inverted from geodetic measurements, which may partly be due to inaccurate fault connectivity within geodetic models I compare results from fault networks that follow mapped geologic traces and resemble those used in block model inversions, which connect the San Jacinto fault to the SAF near Cajon Pass and connect distinct faults within the ECSZ The connection of the SAF with the San Jacinto fault decreases strike-slip rates along the SAF by up to 10% and increases strike-slip rates along the San Jacinto fault by up to 16%; however, slip rate changes are still within the large geologic ranges along the SAF The insensitivity of modeled interseismic surface velocities near Cajon Pass to fault connection suggests that inverse models may utilize both an incorrect fault geometry and slip rate and still provide an excellent fit to interseismic geodetic data Similarly, connection of faults within the ECSZ produces 36% greater cumulative strike-slip rates but less than 17% increase in interseismic velocity Within the models that follow the mapped traces, off-fault deformation accounts for 40% ± 23% of the total strain across the ECSZ This suggests that a significant portion of the discrepancy between the geologic and geodetically modeled slip rates in the ECSZ could be due to the geodetic inversion model assumption of zero permanent off-fault deformation When using overconnected models to invert GPS for slip rates, the reduced off-fault deformation within the models can lead to overprediction of slip rates Analog models of sandbox experiments performed at the Universite de CergyPontoise (UCP) shed light on the amount of work required to create faults (Wgrow) in vii coarse sand Casagrande shear experiments calculate a Wgrow that is consistent with that calculated in the sandbox and both values scale properly to crustal calculations Calculations of Wgrow are higher for thicker sand pack layer experiments Utilizing different materials within the compressional sandbox (GA39 sand and glass beads) shows the control of material properties on Wgrow as well Numerical simulations of the UCP sandbox experiments test whether fault growth occurs via work minimization To the first order, faults observed in sandbox experiments match the model predicted faults that minimize work in two-dimensional BEM simulations The BEM models and work minimization shed light on fault growth path and timing viii PREFACE Chapter Chapter one was published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2012) and is therefore written with the plural first person with co-author Michele Cooke No changes have been made here to the published manuscript, which improves upon Cooke and Dair’s (2011) Boundary Element Method models of southern California by testing the validity of alternate fault geometries and varying both the orientation and magnitude of plate velocity that drives model slip Chapter Chapter two has been published in Geology (2014) and is therefore written with the plural first person with co-authors Michele Cooke, Mike Oskin (University of California, Davis), and Ohilda Difo (now at Concordia University, Portland, Oregon) No changes have been made here to the published manuscript Mike Oskin contributed as a geologic expert on the area and Ohilda Difo helped modify the fault mesh in the model We further improve the geometry of faults within our models of southern California, particularly the faults within the eastern California shear zone In addition, we quantify the percentage of deformation that takes place on and off major faults, which may strongly impact the potential discrepancy between geologic and geodetic slip rate estimates within the region Chapter Chapter three appears in the January 2014 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth and is therefore written with the plural first person, as both ix DeMets, C., 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All Rights Reserved EXPLORING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND ANALOG EXPERIMENTS A Dissertation Presented by JUSTIN W HERBERT Approved as to style and content by: ... Society of America, ExxonMobil, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst department of Geosciences v ABSTRACT EXPLORING FAULT SYSTEM DEFORMATION WITH NUMERICAL MODELS AND ANALOG EXPERIMENTS SEPTEMBER