The political social and economic factors in the shaping of the

W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1973 The political, social, and economic factors in the shaping of the structure of public higher education in West Virginia:Â a history, 1863-1969 William Preston Jackameit College of William & Mary - School of Education Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation Jackameit, William Preston, "The political, social, and economic factors in the shaping of the structure of public higher education in West Virginia:Â a history, 1863-1969" (1973) Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Paper 1539618816 https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25774/w4-yjnj-n424 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks For more information, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document While the m ost advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction 1.T he sign or “target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)" If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected th at the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame When a map, drawing c chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete The majority of users indicate th a t the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print Filmed as received Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoob Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74-85 JACKAMEIT, William Preston, 1944THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AN D ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE SHAPING OF THE STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION IN WEST VIRGINIA: A HISTORY, 18631969 The College o f William and M a r y in Virginia, Ed.D., 1973 Education, higher University Microfilms, A XEROXC om pany, A nn Arbor, Michigan © 1973 WILLIAM PRESTON JACKAMEIT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TIIE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE S H A P I N G OF THE S T R UCTURE OF PUBLIC H I G H E R E D U C A T I O N IN W E S T VIRGINIA: A HISTORY, - I969 A Dissertation P r e s e n t e d to the F a c u l t y of the School of Edu c a t i o n C o l l e g e of W i l l i a m and M a r y in V i r g i n i a In P a r t i a l Fu l f i l l m e n t of the R e q u i r e m e n t s for the Degree D o c t o r of Edu c a t i o n by W i l l i a m P r e s t o n Ja c k a m e i t June, 1973 AP P R O V A L S H E E T W e the undersigned cert i f y that w e hav e r e a d this dis s e r t a t i o n an d that in ou r i n d i v i d u a l o p i n i o n s it is a c ceptable in b o t h scope an d q u a l i t y as a d i s s e r t a t i o n for the degree of Do c t o r of Education A c c e p t e d J u n e 1973 by P a u l Unger Roger Ries Daniel R Gerber, C h a i r m a n of D o c t o r a l Com m i t t e e ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I page INTRODUCTION Purpose and Focus of the Study The Structure of Public Higher Education in the United States XX III THE STRUCTURE ESTABLISHED, 1863-1909 Higher Education in Western Virginia to 1363 23 The State Normal School and Branch Normals 32 The West Virginia University 42 The Colored Institutes 54 Centralization of Control 60 Summary 64 THE STRUCTURE IH TRANSITION, 1910-1932 Normal Schools into Teachers Colleges 69 The West Virginia University 77 Colored Institutes into Black Colleges 87 Divided Administrative Control 93 The 1928 Survey of Education 93 Summary IV 106 THE STRUCTURE ABIDES EXIGENCY AND POLITICS, 1933-1948 Politics and Marshall College 110 The State Colleges 117 Politics and the West Virginia University 125 Divided Administrative Control Continued 135 iii page V The 1945 Survey of Public Education 139 Summary 144 T H E STRUCTURE RATIONALIZED, 1949-1969 VI The State Auditor and Higher Education 149 Desegregation of the Black Colleges 156 The Expansion of Higher Education 164 Consolidation of Control 174 Two Studies of Higher Education 130 Summary 136 CONCLUSIONS 192 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY 197 VITA 204 ABSTRACT 205 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page The State Normal Schools The West Virginia University and Preparatory Branches The Colored Institutes 53 Population of West Virginia, 1860-1970 75 Negro Population of West Virginia, 90 Legislative Appropriations for Salaries of Officers, Teachers, and Employees, West Virginia State Colleges, in Dollars, 1930, 1935, and 1940 121 Student Enrollment at the West Virginia University, Alternate Years, 1930-45 128 Changing Sources of Full-time Student Enrollment at West Virginia State College, 1953-61 160 Reported Total Enrollments at State Supported Institutions of Higher Education in West Virginia, 1958-67 171 37 v 1880-1970 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Purpose and Focus of the Study The purpose of this study was to recount the political, social, and economic factors in the shaping of the structure of public higher education In Host Virginia The circumstances surrounding the estab­ lishment of the various public institutions of higher education in the state were discussed, the subsequent growth and development of these institutions in the context of a state system of higher education were traced, and the means by which the state exercised direction over the system were explored Consideration was given to national and regional factors as well as to those factors unique to the State of West Virginia This study represents neither a general history of public higher education in West Virginia nor a study of the development of higher education governance and coordination in the state, the latter having been the subject of a recent study by Hachesney.^ three questions provided the major focus of the study Rather, In what manner did political, social, and economic forces affect the provision of public higher education by the State of West Virginia? respective roles of government officials, What Xi/ere the the state legislature, ^John Douglas Machesney, MThe Development of Higher Education Governance and Coordination in West Virginia" (unpublished F.d.D dissertation, West Virginia University, 1971) various state agencies, special interest groups, and the institutions themselves in the development of public higher education in West Virginia? What effect did state politics have on the determination of educational policy and the administrative organization of public higher education in West Virginia? These basic questions gave direc­ tion to the research and guided the selection of source materials Private institutions of higher education were excluded from the study for several reasons Enrollment at these institutions has historically been quite small For example, in 1927, only 23 per cent of West Virginia college students were enrolled in eight private and denominational colleges In 1969, despite an increase in the number of private institutions to eleven, their share of total enrollment had fallen slightly to 22 per cent Hone of the institutions evolved beyond the undergraduate level; there were no private medical, dental, law or other professional schools in the state These institutions developed independently of the public sector, and their development was independent of one another as well The influence of private and denominational colleges with regard to the shaping of the structure of public higher education in West Virginia seems to have been of con­ sequence only insofar as the relative enervation of the private sector was concerned The study encompasses the period from 1863 through 1969 The Charles H Ambler, A History of Education in West Virginia (Huntington: Standard Printing and Publishing Company, 1951), p 600 U.S., Office of Education, Higher Education Directory (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970), pp 419-23 p r o g r a m s b e c o n d u c t e d at the e x i s t i n g p u b l i c c o l l e g e s an d that, the t ime b e i n g at least, an d Ma r s h a l l for g r a d u a t e w o r k h e r e s t r i c t e d to the u n i v e r s i t y 192 DTTAPTT'l VI co:;cLiJSio:in ','uct Virgin la In lPC? w a s with o u t a single state institution of h i g h e r education lupporte.* !)uring the ensuing forty years, the state legislature e stablished si;-, normal school;;, a state university, two un.i varsity prepar a t o r y branches, The locatie.no of two ins 11 tutor, for Monroes • the.no institutions eorc:, inf uo.aced ly party plants and politics anJ to a consi derail c degree, the ava i l a b i l i t y of existing physical, Sevan of the u f o r ement lonad institutions v.ore locate.! on or near the o;;l:rc: a accessibility borders of the state Also, the number of perhaps unn e c c e s s a r l l y heyscr, M ontgomery, large This resulted i n s t i t u t i o n s , eleven in all, was The continuation of the schools at and Mast L i b e r t y into the cational justification ir problems of h'ith the e x c eption of 1920s was w i t h o u t edu­ the h'est Virginia U n iversity and Test V i r g i n i a State liege., the institutions wer e largely attended by students from their local areas The West V i r g i n i a C o n s t i t u t i o n of b lach students from being 1072 prohibited w h i t e and taught in the sane schools Thus, exclusively Ha^ro inst i t u t i o n s were, m a i n t a i n e d until the decision hot only the s t u d e n t bodies, but two 1954 Brovm the faculties and a d m i n i s trations of these institutions wer e composed entirely of blacb.s, B luefield and West V i r g i n i a State Colleges s u b s equently attracted substantial numbers of w hite students, mos t of w h o m w e r e commuters Insofar as Uest V i r g i n i a State was concerned, deseg r e g a t i o n prompted a transition from b l a c k land grant college of national repu t a t i o n and 193 draw i n g p ower to p r e d o m i n a t e l y w h i t e s tate c o l l e g e of d e c i d e d l y local appeal The d e s e g r e g a t i o n of pub l i c h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n in the s tate was of p a r t i c u l a r b e n e f i t to w h i t e residents, w h o c o n s t ituted a p p r o x i m a t e l y 95 per cent of the population The m e a n s b y w h i c h the s t a t e ex e r c i s e d d i r e c t i o n over system of higher e d u c a t i o n und e r w e n t numerous After the v ari o u s w ith turn of the century, state supported the other for i n s t i t u t i o n s of h i g h e r education the favor of the legislature of public hi g h e r education vested was the years si;: hoards of Rege n t s gover n e d lature at once consolidated, and divided a b olished and changes over In 19)9, the the Fach competed the l e g i s ­ the g o v e r n m e n t and management The e x i s t i n g Boards of R e g e n t s w e r e their powers of e d u c a t i o n a l p o l i c y d e t e r m i n a t i o n were in a single Board of Regents created and charged w ith state h i g h e r institutions State Board of e d u c a t i o n G o v e r n o r s was es t a b l i s h e d C o i n c i d e n t ] y , a Board of Control the m a n a g e m e n t of the f i nancial affairs of The Board of R e g e n t s wa s s u perseded by in 1919 the A l t h o u g h a s e p a r a t e B oard of for the Wes t V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y in 1927, m a n a g e m e n t of the f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s of s tate ins t i t u t i o n s of h i g h e r e d u cation r e m ained a p r i m a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the Board of Control As a c o n s e q u e n c e of its control penditures, the latter b o a r d over i n s t i t u t i o n a l b u d g e t i n g and e x ­ tended to e x e r c i s e a p o w e r f u l the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of e d u c a t i o n a l policy influence in Th e l e g i s l a t u r e in 1947 transferred c o n t r o l of the fin a n c i a l a f f a i r s of the s tate colleges and state u n i v e r s i t y fro m the Board of Cont r o l to the State Board of Edu c a t i o n and the U n i v e r s i t y B oard of Gover n o r s , 1969, a n e w Board of R e g e n t s was respectively In e s t a b l i s h e d as a cons o l i d a t e d gov e r n i n g 19A board Institutional governing boards we r e on several occasions o r g a n i z e d fo r p o l i t i c a l made to i n s u r e b i p a r t i s a n , public higher ment purposes education In a d d i t i o n membership opposed be appointed of g o v e r n i n g agencies, of t e a c h e r s at between two m a j o r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s thus b e eliminated officials the Perhaps t he n e w l y - e l e c t e d g o v e r n o r p r e s i d e n c y of M a r s h a l l istration when College impose controls over that p o l i t i c s interference by institutions of higher f l a g r a n t of these occurred the D e m o c r a t i c the s w e e p of 1932, S t a t e b o a r d of E d u c a t i o n to education, w h e r e u p o n the b o a r d of a R e p u b l i c a n p o l i t i c i a n f r o m the During experienced a period the m i d d l e of 19A0s, turbulence the W e s t in its a d m i n ­ to h a v e a n i n c u m b e n t p r e s i d e n t A state auditor who had built his political r e p u t a t i o n as a g u a r d i a n of the p u b l i c p u r s e m o v e d d u r i n g legitimate expenses and u n i v e r s i t y , Supreme Court Instructed the g o v e r n o r a t t e m p t e d removed from office colleges the m o s t Following the r e t i r e m e n t Virginia University in the b e l i e f of i n s t a n c e s o f out of p u b l i c h i g h e r effectively forced divided equally from education twentieth century roo t p o l i t i c s the the s t a t e n o r m a l in the o p e r a t i o n of p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n in the state during two l a r g e s t p o l i t i c a l the s t a t e u n i v e r s i t y w e r e There have been a number government the r e q u i r e ­ to the u s u a l p r a c t i c e of r e g u l a t i n g employees would attempts were c o n t r o l of Included was f r o m the schools and the serious to n o n p a r t i s a n , in W e s t V i r g i n i a t hat b o a r d m e m b e r s parties as Nevertheless, re­ of A p p e a l s only the 959s to for the o p e r a t i o n of to fin d h i s a c t i o n s r e v e r s e d by the state the S t a t e 195 T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of p u b l i c h i g h s c h o o l s c o m p a r a t i v e l y slow t eac h e r T hus, of opera t i o n schools were established, During the s t a t e n o r m a l s c h o o l s t r a i n i n g an d c o l l e g e p r e p a r a t o r y f irst h a l f c e n t u r y the d e p r e s s i o n , t each e n r o l l e d at the subjects As colleges, e x c e p t i o n of the 1966 study, from o u t s i d e predict trends and future to their currican d v o c a t i o n a l the These 1923, factors h a v e b e l o w n a t i o n a l trends 1966 With the the s u r v e y s p r e s e n t e d 1956, recommendations were some­ i m p l e mented and T h i s was 1966 r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s relating e ducation remained influenced H o w ever, to TThile the s t u d i e s w e r e o f t e n important for no t h a v i n g b e e n true of and in Ues t t y p i c a l l y c o n d u c t e d by a s taff requirements■ p e r c e n t a g e of W e s t V i r g i n i a y o u t h was Intending institutes developed education In g e n eral, T h e S t a t e of Ues t V i r g i n i a has g o n e into colleges status of h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n and a t t e m p t e d in t heir cr i t i c i s m s , notable 1956, t hese w e r e to the c o n t r o l of p u b l i c h i g h e r and poor commerce, the H e g r o 194 5, the state the c u r r e n t particularly teachers which expanded surveys of p u b l i c h i g h e r a n a n a l y s i s of quite candid into of s t u d e n t s not in the l i b e r a l arts, V i r g i n i a w e r e u n d e r t a k e n in 1923, of " e x p e r t s " their lines Comprehensive times m o s t evolved T h e p r e p a r a t o r y b r a n c h e s an d along similar through i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r s of h i g h the n o r m a l s t e a chers f u n c t i o n e d as b o t h institutions substantial numbers uluraa to i n c l u d e c o u r s e s in Ues t V i r g i n i a was r e l a t i v e l y small, rural, p u b l i c h i g h e r education enrolled The in h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n wa s w e l l i n a s m u c h as p r i v a t e w e a l t h h a d not the s u p p o r t of h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n in the state, f o r c e d to b e a r a c o m p a r a t i v e l y h e a v y load Failure the public sector to p r o v i d e an adequate medical school for m a n y y e a r s wa s perh a p s i n d i c a t i o n of this s i tuation approximately 12 per c e n t b e t w e e n r o l l m e n t s at p u b l i c during this period justified T h e r e were, universities, centers, nine T h e p o p u l a t i o n of W e s t V i r g i n i a d e c r e a s e d institutions Thus, the m o s t u n f o r t u n a t e 1950 a n d 1970 Nevertheless, of h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n m o r e formerly unneccessary at the c lose of s t a t e col l e g e s , an d s u b s i d i a r y op e r a t i o n s en­ tha n tripled institutions were this study, two state and s e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l bra n c h e s , 197 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY This essay is not intended to be a detailed listing of all of the materials utilized in the writing of this study It is, rather, a general guide to the various sources of information relative to the shaping of the structure of public higher education in West Virginia The reader should refer to the citations in the text for the specific sources The study of public higher education in West Virginia begins w ith the history of Education in the State of Virginia A J 'dorrison's The Beginnings of Public Education in V lrginia, 1776-1360 is a documentory history w hich includes background materials important to an appreciation of the subsequent development of a system of public higher education in West Virginia The Acts of Assembly and selected reports of the Virginia Literary Fund are contained in the collections of the Swem Library at the College of William and Mary An excellent historical study of West Virginia is Charles S h e t i e r ’s G u i d e to the Study of West Virginia History University Library, 1960) (Morgantown: West Virginia This valuable book represents a basic b ibliography and lists numerous materials pertinent to the study of public higher education A particularly readable general history is a book by Charles K Ambler and Festus P Summers entitled Went Virginia: Inc., The Mountain State 1956) (Englewood Cliffs, U.J.: Frcntice-llall, The journal West Virginia History has from time to time 193 published articles concerning the ed u c a t i o n a l history of the state Anot h e r valuable source is the annual West V i r g i n i a B l u ebook w h i c h contains official data and pertinent information A comprehensive history of West V i r g i n i a public hi g h e r e d u c a ­ tion remains to be written T here are, however, histories of education in the state a nu m b e r of general Three of these wer e published during the relatively short period of fourteen years, sortie sixty-five years ago T hese are: h i s t o ry of E d u c a tion in West V i r g inia Public Printer, V i r g i n i a, U.S B S M o r g a n and J F Cork, (Charleston: 1393); A R Whitehlll, the most recent M oses W Donnally, History of E d u c a t i o n in West Bureau of Education Circulars of Information, (Washington, B.C.: Government P r i n t i n g Office, 1902); ho and, p r e pared under the direction of the State Superintendent of F ree Schools, H istory of Education in We3t V i r ginia Company, 1907) (Charleston: 30 The Tribune Printing Each of these studies provides useful insights into the general development of education in the state w hich is contemporary to the formative period in the shaping of the str u c t u r e of public higher education A more recent and detailed account of hig h e r e d u c a ­ tion is presented by Charles II Ambler's A H i s t o r y of Edu c a t i o n in West V i rginia (Huntington: Standard P r i nting and P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1951) A prodigious author on West V i r g i n i a h i s t o r y and long-time P r o f e s s o r of History at West Virginia University, A m b l e r provides parti c u l a r in­ sight into the development of the M o r g a n t o w n institution Institutional histories of the West V i r g i n i a State colleges a re relatively scarce and of v a r y i n g scope a n d substance w h i c h have b e e n p u b lished include: Isaac F Boughter, Those few ed., Fairmont State No r m a l School: A Hist o r y (Fairmont: School, 1929); J ohn C l i fford Harlan, C o l l ege (Dubuque, C Regier, Iowa: (Huntington: C B r o w n Boo k Company, (T.Wheeling: Wheeling and One H u n d r e d Y ears of M a r s h a l l College 1937) i n s t itutional his t o r i e s are available: The J o h n R "The History of West V i r g i n i a State C o l l e g e f rom 1392 to thesis, West V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y , "Ulster^ of Glenville University, State C o l l e g e " 1949); J o s e p h Prudich, Institute of T e c h n o l o g y " 1951); Ar t h u r (M.A Slonacker, (M.A thesis, Wes t V i r g i n i a "Hist o r y of thesis, the W e s t V i r g i n i a Wes t V i r g i n i a U niversity, "A ?Iistory of S h e pherd College, (Ed.D dissertation, and Robert C Toole, "A Hist o r y of M a r s h a l l College, thesis, M a r s h a l l College, 1951) 1950" 1951); P a t r i c i a A Jack, town, West Vi r g i n i a " (M.A 1968); Cor n e l i u s Cente n n i a l C o m m i t t e e of M a r s h a l l College, f ollowing u npublished (M.A 1939); State No r m a l H istory of West V i r g i n i a State ed., Nest L i b e r t y Y e s t e r d a y and T o d a y News L i t h o g r a p h Co., Drain, Wm Fairmont Shepherds- U n i v e r s i t y of Virginia, 1837 1959) to 1915" T h e r e is a defin i t e need for t e m p o r a r y institutional h i s t o r i e s of the W e s t V i r g i n i a state colleges T here are numerous m a t e r i a l s r e l a t i n g to pub l i c h i g h e r e d u c a ­ tion in the collections of the W e s t V i r g i n i a State D e p a r t m e n t of Hist o r y and A r c hives and the W est V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y Library The holdings of the Department of Hist o r y and A r c h i v e s incl u d e the annual and b i e nnial reports of the Board of Regents of the State Normal Schools, the Board of Rege n t s of the West V i r g i n i a Colo r e d Institute, the Board of Regents of the Blu e f i e l d Colo r e d Institute, Board of Regents (1911-1919), the State the State Superin t e n d e n t of Free Schools, 200 and the State Board of Education The department also possesses the minutes of the Board of Regents of the State Wormal Schools 1909), (1395- the Board of Regents of the West Virginia Colored Institute (1903-1909), and the State Board of Education (1919-1969) A partial collection of the State Papers and Public Addresses of the Governors of West Virginia, including materials not available at the West Virginia University Library, is contained in the department's library in Charleston The West Virginia Collection of the West Virginia University Library at Morgantown includes the annual and biennial reports of the Board of R.egents of the West Virginia University, the Boards of Regents of the Montgomery and Reyser Preparatory Branches, and the University Board of Governors A comprehensive collection of the W est Virginia University Bulletin is available as are the minutes of the University Board of Regents Board of Governors (1927-1969) (on microfilm) and the University A partial collection of the State Papers and Public Addresses of the Governors of West Virginia, in­ cluding materials not available at the Department of History and Archives, is contained in the library's West Virginia Collection The library of the West Virginia University School of Law possesses the A cts of the Legislature and West Virginia Reports which delineate respectively the legislation and the decisions of the West Virginia State Supreme Court of Appeals which had an impact upon public higher education Complete collections of the journals of the West Virginia Legislature are available both at the university and at the State Capitol building in Charleston 201 Several West Virginia newspapers contain valuable Information concerning the shaping of the structure of public higher education in the state The W heeling Intelligencer is an invaluable source for the study of the formative period from 1363 to 1909 Considerable information regarding the development of the West Virginia University is contained in the Morgantown P o s t The H untington Ilerald-Dispatch and the Huntington Uerald-Advertiser are useful to the study of certain events effecting Marshall College Developments on the level of state government which reflected upon the various public institu­ tions of higher education are reported in the Charleston G a z e t t e These newspapers are available at either the West Virginia Department of Archives and History or the library of the West Virginia University In addition, the New Y ork T imes contains items regarding public higher education in West Virginia w hich w ere of national Interest A number of studies relating to public higher education have been funded and published by the State of West Virginia The most significant and their directors are: Lorlmer V Cavins, Education in West V i r g i n i a , V o l I V : Institutions of Higher Educa­ tion (1923); George D Strayer, State of West Virginia tion in West Virginia in W e st V i rginia: Survey of Survey of Public Education in the (1945): John E Brewton, Public Higher Educa­ (1956); and Jac k E Robertson, H igher Education A Self Assessment (1966) The most recent of these studies differs in that it was not conducted by a team of experts brought in from outside of the state Two state publications, A Study of State Institutions of Higher Education in West Virginia (1957) and A D e m o graphic Study for W e st Virginia Higher Education (1963) contain 202 a wealth of useful statistical data The West Virginia University Bureau for Government Research publications, O r g a n i z a tion in West V i r g i n i a Local Government St a te Administrative (1952) and West Virginia State and (1963) provide contemporary insight as to the administrative structure of public higher education in the state The development of the structure of public higher education in West Virginia m a y be considered within the context of the national experience Some particularly Informative references are: Rrubacher and Willis Rudy, Higher E d u cation in Transition Harper N brothers Publishers, State U n iversity John S (New York: 1952); Norman Foerster, The American (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937); Christopher Jencks and David Riesman, The Academic Revolution (New York: Anchor Books, and D e m o cracy (Urbana: 1963); Allan M e v i n s , The State U n i v ersity University of Illinois Press, 1962); Jesse M Pangburn, The Evo l u t i o n of the American Teachers College Teachers College Press, and University: (New York: 1932); Frederick Rudolph, The American College A History (New York: Vintage Books, Woodring, The Higher Learning in A m erica; McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953) 1962); and Paul A Reassessment (Hew York: Books which provide background as to administrative structures and political relationships include: Robert Berdahl, (Washington, D.C.: Statewide Coordination of Higher education A m e r i c a n Council on Education, Chambers, Higher Edu c a t i o n in the Fifty States The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Campus and Capital Education, (Boulder: 1971); M M (Danville, Illinois: 1970); John W Minter, ed., Western Interstate Commission for Higher 1966); and M a l c o l m Moos and Francis E Rourke, The Campus 203 and the State (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1959) other works relative to national trends are also available Numerous VITA W i l l i a m P r e s t o n Jackameit was born August 13, 1944, in Mew York City, H e w York He graduated from Clifton High School in Clifton, New Jersey in June of 1962, and entered the Ne w a r k College of Arts and Sciences of Rutgers University the following September 1946, he received an A.B In Jun e degree with a major in history and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force Reserve While a graduate student at Rutgers University from June to August 1967, he completed the requirements for the M.A 1966, degree in history and taught on the secondary level in Passaic and Newark, Hew Jersey He entered on active duty with the Air Force in October of 1967, and was separated in June of 1Q 71 w ith the rank of Captain Beginning September 1963, he attended the College of W i l l i a m and Mary and received an M.Ed degree in M a y of 1970 In 1971 he began his doctoral studies at the College of W i l l i a m and Mary Fro m September to December, 1972, he was employed as an instructor at Virginia Wesleyan College and Christopher Newport College In January of 1973, he joined M a d i s o n College as D i r ector of Insti­ tutional Research Pi, He has bee n elected to Phi Alpha Theta, Rappa Delta the Arnold Air Society, and is a member of the A ssociation for Institutional Research ABSTRACT West V i r g i n i a in 1363 was w i t h o u t a si n g l e s t a t e - s u p p o r t e d i n s t i ­ tution of h i g h e r cd.ucation D u r i n g the ensuing forty years, the state legisl a t u r e e s t a b l i s h e d six normal schools, a s t a t e university, two u n i v e r s i t y p r e p a r a t o r y branches, and two institutes for negroes The locations of these inst i t u t i o n s were, to a s i d e r a b l e degree, i n f l u ­ enced b y p a r t y politics and the a v a i l a b i l i t y of existing physical plants Serious attem p t s w e r e m a d e to insure bipartisan, as o p p o s e d to nonpartisan, c o n t r o l of public h i g h e r education T h e s e went bey o n d the usual p r a c t i c e of r e g u l a t i n g the m e m b e r s h i p of g o verning boards In­ cluded w e r e the d i v i d i n g of the teachers at the s tate normal scho o l s and the employees of the s t a t e u n i v e r s i t y equally b e t w e e n the two n a j o r pol o i tical parties G o v e r n i n g boards w e r e on seve r a l occasions r e o r g a n i s e d for political purpose, and several state officials w e r e p a r t i c u l a r l y a g g r e s s i v e in their attempts to in f l u e n c e the o p e r a t i o n of public higher education The six Boards of Regents w h i c h g o v e r n e d public h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n w e r e a b o l i s h e d in 1909 In their p l a c e was created a single Board of Regents to d e t e r m i n e e d u c a t i o n a l policy and a Board of Cont r o l for m a n ­ agement of the financial affairs of s tate h i g h e r institutions T h e Board of Regents was s u p e r s e d e d by the State Board of E d u c a t i o n in 1919 Eight years thereafter, the l e g i s l a t u r e es t a b l i s h e d a separ a t e Board of G o v e r ­ nors for the W e s t V i r g i n i a Un i v e r s i t y The Board of Control wa s removed from the p i c t u r e in 1947, and in 19G9, a new Board of R e g e n t s was es­ tablished as a c o n s o l i d a t e d g o v e r n i n g board The W est V i r g i n i a C o n s t i t u t i o n of 1872 p r o h i b i t e d w h i t e a n d b l a c k students from b e i n g taught in the same schools Thus, two e x c l u sively Uegro h i g h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e m a i n t a i n e d until the 1954 B r o w n decision Blu e f i e l d and West V i r g i n i a State Collages s u b s e q u e n t l y a t tracted s u b ­ stantial numbers of w h i t e students, m o s t of w h o m w e r e commuters The s tate normal schools evolved into teachers colleges as the de v e l o p m e n t of pub l i c h i g h schools in the state progressed Du r i n g the depression, s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r s of students not i n tending to teach e n ­ rolled at the teachers colleges, w h i c h expanded their c urriculums to include courses in the libe r a l arts, commerce, and v o c a t i o n a l subjects With the e x c e p t i o n of W est V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y and W e s t V i r g i n i a State College, s t u d e n t s w e r e largely d r a w n from the local are a of each school C o m p r e h e n s i v e stud i e s of pu b l i c higher edu c a t i o n in the state wer e c o nducted in 1923, 1945, 1956, and 1966 TTiile these w e r e often quite candid in their criticisms, important reco m m e n d a t i o n s were s o m e ­ times m o s t n o t a b l e for not h a v i n g b e e n implemented The p o p u l a t i o n of Wes t V i r g i n i a decreased a p p r o x i m a t e l y 12 per cent b e t w e e n 1950 and 1970 Du r i n g this same period, enrollments in public i n s t i t u t i o n s of h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n m o r e than tripled T h e r e were, at the close of this study, two state universities, nine state colleges, and seve r a l a d d i t i o n a l branches, centers, and s u bsidiary operations ... and Focus of the Study The purpose of this study was to recount the political, social, and economic factors in the shaping of the structure of public higher education In Host Virginia The circumstances... engaged in the training of the youthj-ux uu.ua The following month, the Intelligencer again noted the value of normal schools and urged that the state superintendent of free schools adopt a policy of. .. from the academies of the day by placing an increasing emphasis on the principles of teaching Between 1860 and 1900, the number of public normal schools increased rapidly At the turn of the century,