INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for Sale in the U.S.A
UNDERSTANDING AND USING
ba
Grammar FOURTH EDITION
Trang 2Brow r Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List
NOTE: Verbs followed by a bullet (*) are defined at the end of the list on the inside back cover
Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past
Form Past Participle Form Past Participle
arise arose arisen fly flew flown
awake awoke awoken forbid forbade forbidden be was, were been forecast» forecast forecast bear bore borne/born forget forgot forgotten beat beat beaten/beat forgive forgave forgiven become became become forsake+ forsook forsaken begin began begun freeze froze frozen
bend bent bent get got golten/got*
bels bet bet give gave given
bide bid bid go went gone
binds bound bound grinds ground ground
bite bit bitten grow grew grown
bleed bled bled hang** hung hung
blow blew blown have had had
break broke broken hear heard heard
breed+ bred bred hide hid hidden
bring brought brought hit hit hit broadcasts broadcast broadcast hold held held
build built built hurt hurt hurt
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt keep kept kept
burst* burst burst kneel kneeled/knelt kneeled/knelt
buy bought bought know knew known
cast* cast cast lay laid laid
catch caught caught lead led led
choose chose chosen lean leaned/eant leaned/leant clings clung clung leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt come came come learn learnediearnt leamedflearnt
cost cost cost leave left left
creep» crept crept lend lent lent
cut cut cut let let let
deal» dealt dealt lie lay lain
dig dug dug light lighted/t lighted/lt
do did done lose lost lost
drave drew drawn make made made
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt | mean meant meant
drink drank drunk meet met met
drive drove driven mislay mislaid mislaid eat ate eaten mistake mistook mistaken
fall fell fallen pay paid paid
feed fed fed prove proved proven/proved
feel felt felt put put put
fight fought fought quit*** quit quit
find found found read read read
fit fitfitted fiMiilted rid rid rid
flees fled fled ride rode ridden
flings flung flung ring rang rung
*In British English: gergorgor, In Am:
in English: ger-gor-gotten/gat
“Tang is a regular verb when it means to Kill someone with a rope around his/her neck Compare: [fumng my clothes in the closet They hanged the murderer by the neck until he was dead +** Also possible in British Engl:
h quiit-quitted-quitted
Trang 4Understanding and Using English Grammar, Fourth Edition with Answer Key
Copyright © 2009, 2002, 1989, 1981 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher
Azar Associates: Shelley Hartle, Editor, and Sue Van Eten, Manager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606
Staff credits: The people who made up the Understanding and Using English Granwmayr Fourth Edition
team, representing editorial, production, design, and manufacturing, are Janice Baillie, Dave Dickey, Ann France, Amy McCormick, Robert Ruyo, and Ruth Voetmann
Text composition: $4Carlisle Publishing Services Text font: 10/12,5 Plantin
Illustrations: Don Martinetti, pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 47, 50, 51, 65, 72, 73, 81, 84, 88, 91, 99, 103, 107, 109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152, 161, 169, 183, 185, 188, 190, 194, 201, 213, 220, 223, 232, 236, 238, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260 (top), 275, 278, 280, 286, 287, 292, 301, 303, 308, 316, 319, 321, 328, 340, 342, 347, 353, 355, 357, 362, 371, 373, 389, 396, 408, 413, 420, 424, 425, 432, 441, 446; Chris Pavely, pages 8, 41, 43, 45, 47, 54, 56, 60, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 86, 98, 100, 113, 116, 138, 142, 146, 153, 158, 170, 174, 175, 178, 181, 196, 198, 206, 211, 228, 235, 251, 257, 260 (bottom), 265, 272, 284, 289, 293, 309, 315, 331, 345, 349, 360, 363, 367, 378, 385, 393, 394, 403, 414, 422, 428; Kris Wiltse, pages 17, 19, 28, 29
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941-
Understanding and using English grammar 4th ed / Betty S Azar, Stacy A Hagen
peem
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233333-7 (with audio) ISBN- 10: 0-13-233333-3 (with audio)
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233331-3 (with audio and answer key) ISBN-10: 0-13-233331-7 (with audio and answer key) [ete.]
Trang 5Por Larry
B.S,A
For Andy and Julianna
Trang 7Preface to the Fourth Edition Acknowledgmenis Chapter] OV ERVIEW OF VERB TENSES
1-1 The simple tenses
1-2 ‘he progressive tenses
1-3 The perfect tenses
1-4 The perfect progressive tenses 1-5 Summary chart of verb tenses
1-6 Spelling of -izg and -ed forms
Chapter 2 PRESENT AND PASI; SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE 13
HE - nẽnẽ
2-2 _ Present progressive
2-3 Non-progressive verbs 2-4 Regular and irregular verbs
Irregular verb list 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-1 -10 Using expressions of place with progressive verbs Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Simple past gi pPokrwstke Using progressive verbs ot always Chapter 3 PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES .- " 3-1 Present perfect ,
Have and has in spoken English Present perfect vs simple past Present perfect progressive
Past perfect
Had in spoken English Past perfect progressive
CC Oe RE RUTLIR ENLIIVIEE-srersveseg-s y2 201540282125 2/018X9186 62107819469 214991613 8S (ohlekvlrl 6) s6 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 Simple future: will and be going to Will vs be going to
Expressing the future in time clauses
Using the present progressive and the simple present to
express future time 0.20 0c cece cece cece eee e eee e eee eens 69
Trang 8Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter & Chapter 9 Vi CONTENTS: 4-5 Future progressive
4-6 Future perfect and future perfect progressive
REVIEW OR VIERB TENSES) 0) 0.006 sub id 0 as eure on am aM AS aaa 76 SUB.JECT-VERB ACREEMENT cuc nen co
6-1 Final -s/-es: use, pronunciation, and spelling
6-2 Basic subject-verb agreement P
6-3 — Subject-verb agreement: using expressions of quantity
-4 Subject-verb agreement: using there + be
5 Subject-verb agreement: some irregularities 7-1 Regular and irregular plural nouns 2 Possessive nouns 3 Nouns as adjectives 4 Count and noncount nouns 5 Noncount nouns .- -6 Some common noncount nouns 7 8 9 1ì il 1
Basic article usage
General guidelines for article usage
Expressions of quantity used with count and noncount nouns Using @ few and few; a little and Hitle 7
Singular expressions of quantity: one, each, every
Using of in expressions of quantity pes PRONOUNS BPs issue scams mink ean gym 31p g- ‹ ngan: nI.Eme n2 6km + 135 8-] - PersonalproiOuh§ .- cu 22022 2n na 136 8-2 Personal pronouns: agreement with generic nouns and indefinite pronouns 8-3 Personal pronouns: agreement with collective nouns 8-4 Reflexive pronouns - 8-5 Using you, one, and duy: as whose pronouns 8-6 8-7 Forms of other Common expressions with off 0.0 .00ccee cece cece cece eee MODAIS, PART1
9-1 Basic modal introduction
2 Polite requests with “Y” as the subject
3 Polite requests with “yor” as the subject
4 Polite requests with would you mind 5 Expressing necessity: zest, have to, have got to
-6 Lack of necessity and prohibition: have to and must in the negative 7 8 9 at D) 1
Advisability: should, ought to, had better
The past form of should
Obligation: be supposed to
Unfulfilled intentions: was/were going to
Making suggestions: fet’s, why don’t, shall Thwe a
Making suggestions: could vs should 6.0.00 000000 e eevee eee ees
Trang 9Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 MODALS PART 2D ooo csism SQUErGqomd HAS aD CAMO MNO KERHD HATE 10-1 Degrees of certain
10-2 Degrees of certain resent time negative 10-3 Degrees of certainty: past time
10-4 Degrees of certainty: future time
10-5 Progressive forms of modals 10-6 Ability: can and could
10-7 Using would to express a repeated action in the past
10-8 Expressing preference: would rather
10-9 Combining modals with phrasal modals
10-10 Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
NEPASSIVE) igor unuaguinnr dung L2n MEMG GAA SIREATT NRC SưEA đã RA R9tRơn ft TH: ni 21
L1-L Active vs passive -aaạg]A]ẶẠậẠ1 21 11-2 Tense forms of the passive 213 11-3 USing thepaSSiv€ , mm 214 11-4 The passive form of modals and phrasal modals , ,220 11-5 Non-progressive passive
11-6 Common non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions 11-7 The passive with get
11-8 Participial adjectives
NOUN CLAUSES
12-1 Introduction
12-2 Noun clauses beginning with a question word
12-3 Noun clauses beginning with whether or if
12-4 Question words followed by infinitives 252 12-5 Noun clauses beginning with £ha£ 253
12-6 Quotedspeech PP 258
12-7 Reported speech: verb forms in noun clauses 261 12-8 Using -ever words 268
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
13-1 Adjective clause pronouns used as the subjecL
13-2 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb TT
13-3 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a preposition
13-4 Usingtofose
13-5 Using where in adjective clauses
13-6 Using when in adjective clauses `
13-7 Using adjective clauses to modify pronouns
13-8 Punctuating adjective clauses , -
13-9 Using expressions of quantity in adjective clauses 13-10 Using which to modify a whole sentence
13-11 Reducing adjective clauses to adjective phrases
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1
14-1 Gerunds: introduction
14-2 Using gerunds as the objects of mì mg
14-3 Common verbs followed by gerunds
Trang 10
Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 viii CONTENTS
1A Gokigeerund peperrsepeacemMT™, opcitpiase PTT iesg raơl 14-5 Special expressions followed by -ing
14-6 Common verbs followed by infinitives 14-7 Common verbs followed by either infinitives or gerunds 14-8 J¢ + infinitive; gerands and infinitives as subjects
14-9 Reference list of verbs followed by gerunds : ae 14-10 Reference list of verbs followed by infinitives 5.000 000 c eee eee
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2
15-1 Infinitive of purpose: #7 order to 15-2 Adjectives followed by infinitives
15-3 Using infinitives with too and enough 15-4 Passive infinitives and gerunds
15-5 Using gerunds or passive infinitives following need 1,
15-6 Using verbs of perception cv 15-7 Using the simple form after fet and help
15-8 Using causative verbs: make, have, get COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 16-1 Parallel structure
16-2 Parallel structure: using commas
16-3 Paired conjunctions: both and; not only
either or; neither
16-4 Separating independent clauses with periods; connecting with
and and but
but also;
ADVERB CLAUSES
17-1 Introduction
17-8 isheag sciver’ đhuờng Xo shom va 4040lansbio
17-3 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect
17-4 Expressing contrast (unexpected result): using even though
17-5 Showing direct contra i
17-6 Expressing conditions in adverb clauses
17-7 Shortened zfclauses 17-8 Adverb clauses of condition:
17-9 Adverb clauses of condition: 17-10 Adverb clauses of condition: REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES 18-1 Intoduction
18-2 Changing time clauses to modifying adverbial phưäse§ 388 18-3 Expressing the idea of “during the same time” in modifying
adverbial phrases ee ee 18-4 Expressing cause and effect in modifying adverbial phrases 18-5 Using upon + -ing in modifying adverbial phrases