CIVICS EOC REVIEW Name _ Geographic Economic Political Norther n Colonie s MA, CT, RI Rocky soil, ragged coastlines, harsh winters Furs, fishing, timber, trade, shipbuilding Direct democracy through town meetings, government influenced by religion Middle Colonie s PA, MD, DE, NJ, NY Souther n Colonie s NC, SC, GA, VA Ports and harbors, “bread basket” Livestock, iron, wheat, barley, corn, fishing, shipping People with $$ are most influential, proprietary colonies Flat land, warm climate, harbors and ports, fertile soil Cash cropstobacco, indigo, rice Royal colonies – king will appoint governor and legislature, GAdebtor’s colony Religious Wanted religious freedom (Puritans/ Separatists) in England, religious fanaticism results in Salem Witch Trials Religious freedom (MD- Catholics, PA-Quakers) not religious What were the purposes of the following colonial organizations: joint stock company: investors want to make $$$$$ off of colony proprietary: king grants land to friend- friend makes rules for the colony royal: king grants land to friend- king makes rules for the colony Illustrate the movement of goods and people in the triangular trade route America Europe Middle Passage Africa What role did slaves and indentured servants play in the colonies? Cheap source of labor for agricultural use What is mercantilism? England buys cheap natural resources from the colonies, turns them into finished goods to sell back to the colonies- hoping to achieve major profit, and a favorable balance of trade Where was the first permanent English settlement in North America? Jamestown What was the Virginia House of Burgesses? What English tradition influenced its structure? First Legislative body in the colonies – 1619 Parliament influenced structure Who landed at Plymouth and why did they leave England? Puritans – looking for religious freedom What is a compact? Written agreement What did the Mayflower Compact create? Rules to govern Plymouth colony – direct democracy through town meetings 10 What two bodies made up the government of each of the 13 colonies? legislative body & governor 11 How was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut similar to the Mayflower Compact? Create governments in colonies 12 Enlightenment Thinkers Main Ideas Locke -Natural rights – life, liberty, property - consent of governed – when you lose consent of governed, they can replace you“social contract” Hobbes -Absolute rule by kings – government absolutely has to exist – life without is poor, nasty, solitary, brutish, short Influence Thomas Jefferson – Declaration of Independence Montesquie u Separation of powers – no one group should have power Constitution’s creation of three governmental branches Rousseau Social contract – idea that you have a bargain with people you are ruling – when two sides can no longer agree, gov’t can be replaced Declaration of Independence 13 How did the Magna Carta limit the power of the English king? 1215 – king could not take away the rights of the nobles – have certain rights – e.g trial by jury 14 How did the English Bill of Rights limit the power of the government? Extended the rights that were in Magna Carta to all people 15 How did the Albany Plan of Union encourage self-government in the colonies? Creation of Benjamin Franklin – in battles with Native Americans that the American colonies needed to stand as one against the natives—previously allowed Britain to fight for us 16 What was salutary neglect? King leaving colonies alone to rule themselves until after the French and Indian War How will colonists’ feelings toward this practice change in 1763? King ended salutary neglect, restricted movement of the colonists, and raised taxes— colonists weren’t happy 17 How did the economic practice of mercantilism cause colonists to feel about mother England? Not happy about having their only choice of goods being British—were not allowed to trade unless it was on English ships—they saw that England was profiting from mercantilism 18 Know how each event led to calls for independence by the colonists: French and Indian WarTea ActProclamation of 1763- Boston Tea Party (1773)- Quartering ActCoercive Acts/Intolerable ActsStamp Act (1765)“NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION” First Continental Congress- Stamp Act CongressLexington and ConcordDeclaratory Act- Townshend Act- Boston Massacre (1770)- Common Sense- written by Thomas Paine, argued that it was just “common sense” to break away from Great Britain Second Continental Congress-1) met as a response to Lexington and Concord 2) voted to break away from Britain, 3) selected George Washington as commander of Continental Army, 4) sign Declaration of Independence, 5) write first constitution called the Articles of Constitution 19 How did boycotts play a role in colonial rebellion? Colonists refused to buy British goods—created a feeling in Parliament of unease, which made them end the taxes in some cases, and enact revenge in others 20 Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson Whose ideas influenced its content? John Locke 21 What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence? To declare independence from Great Britain and list the grievances against the King 22 What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 create? Created ways that the Northwest Territories could become states 23 How was the government structured under the Articles of Confederation? One branch-legislative-all 13 states had to agree to make a law No federal taxes, voluntary military (mainly state militia), no way to enforce laws made by Congress 24 How did Shay’s Rebellion change people’s opinions about the Articles of Confederation? Central government could not “squash” the rebellion What issue was at the center of the rebellion? taxation 25 What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? No federal taxes, voluntary military (mainly state militia), no way to enforce laws made by Congress- no executive branch, all 13 states had to agree to make a law (unanimously) so it was nearly impossible to make a new law 26 What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention? Revise the Articles of Confederation How was the Convention conducted? Constitution?” In secret George Washington presided 27 Constitutional Compromises Issue Who is called the “father of the James Madison New Jersey plan- “Small state plan”- wanted a gov’t that had branches- same branches as VA plan- but wanted state’s representatives to be based on EQUAL representation- all states have vote Representation Virginia plan- “Large state plan”- wanted a gov’t that had branches- leg, exec, jud- and wanted the state’s representatives in Congress to be based on population The Great Compromise“Connecticut Compromise”- Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposes a plan that has a two house Legislature- a HoR based on population and a Senate based on equal representation Slavery 3/5 Compromise- for every five slaves counted, will be counted towards representation in congress Electing the President Electoral College 28 Compare the views of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists on government Federalists Anti-Federalists People People Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson James Madison John Jay Who should have power? Central government/federal govt’ Who should have power? States Interpretation of the Constitution “strict interpretation” Interpretation of the Constitution Loose interpretation- like exercising implied powers Rights Rights To protect rights of the citizens from violation by federal gov’t 29 What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers? To convince the state of NY to adopt the Constitution 30 Explain the key principles included in the Constitution? Separation of Powers- power of the national government is spread between branches so that no one branch is more powerful than another Checks and Balances- each branch has the power to check (or limit) the powers of the other two branches Ex- Congress can override veto of Pres, impeach Pres., approve members to the SC Rule of Law- every one has to follow the same rules, even the President Exception- high government jobs carry immunity Popular Sovereignty- people have the power- shown by voting Federalism- powers of government are shared between national and state governments- with Federal govt having more power 31 When was the Constitution ratified? Sept 17, 1787 32 What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights? to protect the rights of individuals from being abused by the Federal government Who pushed for the inclusion of a bill of rights to the Constitution? The Anti-Federalists 33 KNOW THE BILL OF RIGHTS AND ALL AMENDMENTS 34 Types of Governments Democracy- Rule by the people Dictatorship/Totalitarian- government Direct democracy- people are allowed controls all aspects of human life, to have a direct say in the running of may restrict personal and religious government- Ex everyone votes on a freedoms Rule by one person who law controls all aspects of government Representative democracy- we elect people to represent our interests in government and make choices for us Theocracy- government based on Oligarchy- rule by a few individuals religious ideas and leader may be a religious leader Ex Pope as leader of Vatican City Monarchy- rule by a King or Queeninherited position State only GoalFederal Shared (Reserved) What is stated in the Preamble? (Concurrent) (Enumerated/ Regulate trade Purposes of new government- establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for Delegated/Express Establishing within the state the common defense, promote the courts general welfare, secure the future for upcoming ed) Protect public generations Coin money safety and Enforcing laws “We Maintaining the people ”Army = government= people welfare (police, What is “full faith and credit?” Collect taxes fire, EMS) and Navy Borrow Laws are one state are recognized by other money states Conduct Declaring war for How does the Constitution allowProvide for flexibility? elections Regulating tradeamendment 9general welfare Amendment process, says that citizens have other rights than those Establishing between states listed in the Constitution, EXERCISING THE IMPLIED POWERS local and are foreign What implied powers? governments countries Ones that are not specifically listed in the Constitution (power given in Carrying out What clause of the Constitution allows for them to be used? state Elastic/ Necessary and Proper expressed powers Constitution) Powers of government 6 How does the Constitution create a framework for the US government? Article 1-Legislative Article 5- Amendment process Article 2-Executive Article 3- Judicial Article 6- Supremacy Clause Article 7- says the Constitution becomes valid (ratified) when states agree to it Article 4- Relation among States Who is the leader of the House of Representatives? Speaker of the House Who is the official leader of the Senate? VP of the US What is their only official role in the Senate? Vote in a tie Who is the leader of the Senate in their absence? President pro Tempore 10 How are legislative districts drawn? based on population, redrawn every 10 years after census, drawn by state legislatures Legislative districts are strangely drawn to elect a particular party/raceGerrymandering 11 What are the requirements to be a member of The Senate? The House of Representatives? 30 25 citizen for citizen for resident of state resident of state (traditional to be district) 12 What are the non-legislative powers of Congress? Declare war, levy taxes, approval of Presidential appointments, House elects president if Electoral College does not, approve Presidential treaties 13 How is the committee system used in Congress? Standing- permanent, conference- work out differences in bills, joint- members of both houses, Select- temporary, have special investigations/jobs- 9-11Commission, Warren Commission, Baseball steroids 14 What must happen in order for a bill to become a law? See “I’m Just a Bill” 15 How can Congress override a presidential veto? 2/3 vote of both houses 16 What tactic is used in the Senate to delay a vote on a bill so that it dies? Filibuster- talking on and on about a bill Ended by a 2/3 vote for cloture “closure- to end debate” 17 How can Congress limit the power of the President? Override Pres veto, impeach, power to approve/not approve treaties and Presidential appointments to Cabinet/Ambassador 18 Explain the roles of the President Chief Executive- hires and fires workers Party Leader- leader of his/her political in his administration, party, campaigns for other members of the party who are running for elected Commander in Chief- power over the office armed forces (Army, Navy, Marines, Coast Guard) Legislative Leader- delivers the state of the union address, proposes the federal Chief Diplomat- makes treaties, meets budget with leaders for foreign nations and Head of State- represents our country ambassadors at events- throwing out first pitch in baseball season, lighting national Economic Leader- makes sure the Christmas tree, hosting foreign economy moves smoothly- visits job dignitaries sites 19 20 21 How does the 25th amendment describe presidential succession? Vice President will assume the role of the President if he dies/become incapacitated New President has power to pick new VP How does the Presidential Succession Act describe presidential succession? VP Speaker of the House President Pro Tempore Secretary of State followed by all other Presidential Cabinet secretaries in order of when Dept was created How can the president bypass the non-legislative powers of Congress? Can make Executive Agreements with leaders other nations instead of treaties Executive agreements not have to be approved by Congress 22 Who makes up the US Supreme Court? Associate Justices, Chief Justice= justices Who appoints them? President Who approves them? Senate (first a hearing by Judiciary committee, then a vote of the full Senate will occur) 23 Examples of Jurisdiction Original Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction Power to hear cases at the Federal level Power to hear cases appealed from lower first courts Belongs always to District court and SC in Belongs to Appeals court a few cases Concurrent Jurisdiction Exclusive Jurisdiction Court case could be heard by either Case can be heard only in Federal court Federal or State courts SC has power to hear cases Some crimes violate both Federal and State laws- either court count try them 24 What limits on power does the Legislative branch have? Can not pass ex post facto laws (makes something illegal after the fact), pass bills of attainder (be punished without a jury trial), suspend writ to habeas corpus (bring suspect to court and be told what they are being charged with) Congress can not pass laws that violate the Constitution SC can declare laws passed by Congress as unconstitutional, President can veto laws passed by Congress 25 What limits on power does the Executive branch have? Congress can impeach President (House brings charges, Senate conducts trial and votes on the articles of impeachment); Congress can veto treaties made by President; SC can rule Presidential actions unconstitutional 26 How can the Constitution be changed? Amendments= 2/3 vote by both houses of Congress, and ¾ of all states must approve for it to be added to the Constitution 27 How can the Constitution be “informally” changed? Different interpretations of the constitution by the SC 28 How have Constitutional amendments changed suffrage rights throughout US history? 14th- suffrage to African Americans, 19th- suffrage to women, 23rd- DC residents vote, 24th- ends poll taxes, 26th amendment- voting age changed from 21 to 18 29 Supreme Court Cases Implied powers of the Constitution Plessy v Ferguson Brown v Board of Education Judicial Review Marbury v Madison Elastic Clause McColloch v Maryland Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg Gibbons v Ogden Korematsu v US Heart of Atlanta Motel v US Individual Rights Furman v Georgia- Tinker v Des Moines- Gregg v Georgia- Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier- Gideon v Wainwright- Texas v Johnson- Regents of the University of California v Bakke- Engel v VitaleMiranda v Arizona- New Jersey v TLOMapp v OhioBethel School District v FraserIn re Gault30 31 Why have civil liberties been limited during times of crisis? Fear of attack/security of the nation overrides personal freedom- ex- World War II Japanese internment; 9/11 aftermath- Patriot Act What are some services governments provide? Federal- military protection, Medicare/Medicaid, Social Security State- Education, health services, 32 Define revenue: Government income- raised through taxes, utility user fees 33 Fill in the chart: What it is Income tax levied by federal and state governments on individuals and corporationstaxed on the amount of money you make in a calendar year Sales tax levied by state governments on items purchased Type (progressive, regressive, etc.) Progressive- those with higher incomes pay more Regressive- although everyone pays the same %, the percentage of total income 10 c Nominating Convention- held every four years, where delegates nominate their candidates for President and Vice President Delegates were distributed according to primary and caucus wins What are the various ways your opinion can be influenced? Personal background (family, religious background, race, income, occupation) Mass media- newspapers, tv, internet, radio, magazines, movies, music, books Interest groups- groups with a common interest who try to influence public official and public opinion What three levels of organization are there in political parties? What is the job/goal of each of these levels? Federal State Local /Precinct Put on the national nominating Focus on electing party each city or county is convention for President/ VP members to state office- governor, divided into election attorney general, state legislature districts called precincts Write platform at convention Encourage voter turnout campaign committees- elect on election day, organize members to Congress and poll workers on election day, distribute leaflets about candidates, register voters Elect local officialssheriff, mayor, etc Work at the “Grassroots” or neighborhood level What is a precinct? A geographic area that contains a specific number of voters All voters in a precinct cast their ballots at the same polling place 10 What is the difference between a plank and a platform? Platform- a series of statements expressing the party’s overall principles and beliefs Plank- individual issues- what the party will about _ issue if they are elected 11 What are the five groups on the political spectrum? Liberals Conservatives Moderate Radicals Reactionaries 15 12 What is the difference between an Initiative and Referendum? Both are issue votes that occur on the state or local level Initiatives- a way for citizens to propose new laws or state Constitutional amendments Supporters gather signatures, and when there are enough, the proposition goes on the ballot Referendum- a way for citizens to approve or reject laws proposed by legislative bodies Ex- school bonds, liquor by the drink 13 Define and give examples of each: a Duty-things that citizens are required to under penalty: obey laws, pay taxes, serve in military if drafted, serve on jury, testify in court b Responsibility- things that citizens should voluntarily: vote, be informed, respect rights of others, volunteer c Volunteerism- work done with no expectation of compensation ($$$) 14 What is a primary election? Defined earlier 15 Explain the job of the Electoral College? Indirect method of electing the president Each state’s winner in Presidential election receives all of the states’ EC votes This is called the “Winner take all” system EC votes are determined by adding the number of senators + number of HoR 16 What role interest groups play in the political process? Promote the ideas of their members- interest groups use lobbyists to try to persuade law makers, make propaganda 17 What is the job of a lobbyist? Representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers or other government officials directly - make sure laws are passed that are favorable to their interest group, make sure laws are upheld and enforced in court 18 What is the purpose of having laws? Prevent people from harming each other, regulate our interactions with others 19 What are characteristics of good laws? Fair to all, reasonable, understandable, enforceable 20 What are some consequences of not obeying the laws? Prison, jail, community service, probation, fine 21 Examples of ways conflicts can be resolved Trial, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) GOAL Explain and give an example of each of the following types of Conflict Resolution 16 a Mediation third party listens to each side b Arbitration third party makes a legally binding decision for both sides What happens to a bill that is introduced in and passed by the House of Representatives? Goes to appropriate senate committee and then to full Senate for approval What happens to a bill passed by the House with a slightly different version in the Senate? A conference committee consisting of members of both Houses is created to work out the differences The new version then must be passed by the House and Senate Define jurisdiction: the ability to hear and decide cases What kinds of cases are handled by federal courts? Constitutional issues, violations federal laws, disputes between states, disputes between citizens of different states, lawsuit involving the federal government, disputes with foreign governments and treaties, violations of admiralty and maritime law (oceans), US Diplomats Define civil cases: Define criminal cases: What are the steps in a criminal trial? What are the steps in a civil trial? Goal 6: What is common law and how did it lead to the development of laws in America? Describe each of the following laws and how they became incorporated into the American system of laws: Magna Carta English Bill of Rights Habeas Corpus 17 Code of Hammurabi Justinian Codes Napoleonic Code The Ten Commandments Iroquois Nation Constitution TYPE OF LAW CRIMINAL LAW DEFINITIONS / EXAMPLES CIVIL LAW CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ADMINISTRATIVE LAW STATUTORY LAW Precedents Prosecutio n Defense Lawsuit 18 Plaintiff What is the difference between a statute and an ordinance? What is the job of the executive branch in the lawmaking process What role executive agencies and independent regulatory agencies play concerning laws? Why is it not acceptable for a person not to be aware of the laws he or she must follow? How can citizens learn about the laws made at all levels? Federal Law Enforcement Departme nt JUSTICE What it Does Agencies Within Department TREASURY What roles each of the following play the law enforcement?: magistrate sheriff state trooper 19 city police State Highway Patrol SBI Sentence What is it/ when would it be used? Long term/short term suspension Mental institutions Long term/short term incarceration Death penalty Probation Parole Juvenile detention Community service House arrest Boot camp How is rehabilitation different from punishment? What are the purposes of punishment? It is the job of the to decide innocence or guilt and the job of the to pass sentence What problem has been created by the push for longer jail terms? GOAL 7: Factors of Production Fill in the chart: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FACTOR OF DEFINITION PRODUCTION EXAMPLES 20 Capital Entrepreneursh Someone who risks time, money and has idea to start business ip Labor Land/ Natural Resources Renewable resourcesNon-renewable resources- What is economics the study of? What is the difference between a want and a need? What are the three essential economic questions that all societies must answer? How businesses use their factors of production? In the way that they will be the most productive-make them the most profit Important economic terms Give the definition and an example of each Economic term Definition Trade off Example Opportunity cost Fixed costs Variable costs Total cost Incentive Define scarcity: 21 Why does scarcity exist? Why is scarcity called the fundamental economic problem? Because of scarcity, producers must make What happens to production costs and prices if resources are scarce or expensive? Define consumer: How can specialization and the division of labor increase output? What are capital goods and what are some examples? Define human capital: Why are businesses willing to invest time and money into the education of human capital? What are consumer goods and what are some examples? Describe the major components of each type of economic system Market economy Traditional economy Mixed economy command economy What important aspect of a free enterprise system was first talked about in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations? What is fiscal policy? 22 Goal What is voluntary exchange? How productivity, specialization, and the division of labor ensure efficiency? How does the 5th amendment protect property ownership? Patents ©rights- Fill in the Circular Flow Model What is economic interdependence? How does the circular flow model demonstrate economic interdependence? MARKET Product Market WHAT HAPPENS IN THE MARKET Factor Market 23 Objective 8.04: Supply, Demand, and Prices Supply Demand Law of Supply: Law of Demand: Supply schedule Demand schedule draw a supply curve draw a demand curve What are the factors that would change supply? What are the factors that would change demand? How substitutes and complements affect supply and demand? Label the graph of the supply and demand curve appropriately with the following: Supply curve Demand curve Surplus Shortage Equilibrium price Price Quantity 24 TERM DEFINITION WHAT HAPPENS TO PRICES Surplus Shortag e When supply and demand are equal, we have an _ price What are the ways the government can control prices? What are some examples of these types of price controls? What effect does inflation have on prices? What effect does deflation have on prices? Why is competition important in our economy? How consumers benefit from competition in markets? How does a monopoly hurt the consumer? Horizontal merger Vertical merger 25 conglomerates TYPE OF BUSINESS Sole Proprietorshi p DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Partnerships Corporations Corporation owners are called They buy/sell stocks in the What is a labor union? What is the difference between craft unions and industrial unions? When business leaders and labor unions use collective bargaining? What is the difference between arbitration and mediation? What are ways labor unions and businesses attempt to get the other side to agree to their terms? What did the Taft-Hartley Act do? How antitrust laws help maintain competition? The banking system Commercial 26 banks Savings and loan associations Credit unions What created the FDIC and what does it do? What are the three functions of money? Goal 9: Describe what is shown on the graph What happens to prices and jobs… During a Recession? What is GDP? GDP? During Expansion? How is that different than real How does GDP determine our standard of living? What is the Consumer Price Index(CPI)? What are some examples of products that are included on this? Service Industry = fasting growing industry in US Migration = movement for job or movement of industry (usually to the south or “sun belt” from the north or “Rust belt”) 27 How technological advances impact consumers? How does a war affect consumers and producers? How has downsizing affected NC consumers and producers? What happens when there are changes in the economy of one nation? Types of taxes Income tax Excise tax Regressive tax Progressive tax Proportional tax Sales tax What role does the Fed play in the economy? Fed’s tools of monetary policy Tool of foreign policy What it is How it effects the money supply Reserve requirements Discount rate Open market operations Expand the money supply = increase the money supply= stimulate the economy Contract the money supply = decreased the money supply = slow the economy If the federal reserve raises the discount rate, they want to the money supply and make interest rates _ 28 If the federal reserve lowers the discount rate, they want to the money supply and make interest rates _ If the federal reserve raises the reserve requirement, they want to the money supply If the federal reserve lowers the reserve requirement, they want to the money supply If the government sells bonds/bills on the open market, they want to the money supply If the government buys bonds/bills on the open market, they want to the money supply When talking about the stock market, what are a bull market and a bear market? Goal 10 What are ways to give back to the community? What are some legal responsibilities every American should do? *What are characteristics or being a good citizen in a community? What are some issues that are affecting today’s society? 29 ... Revise the Articles of Confederation How was the Convention conducted? Constitution?” In secret George Washington presided 27 Constitutional Compromises Issue Who is called the “father of the James... slow the economy If the federal reserve raises the discount rate, they want to the money supply and make interest rates _ 28 If the federal reserve lowers the discount rate, they want... was the purpose of the Federalist Papers? To convince the state of NY to adopt the Constitution 30 Explain the key principles included in the Constitution? Separation of Powers- power of the